translated likewise from Greek into Latin, 1. "Palladius de Gentibus Indiæ & Brachmanibus ;" 2. "S. Ambrosius de Moribus Brachmannorum;" 3. "Anonymus de Brachmanibus" which translations came after his death into the hands of Mr. Edmund Chilmead, chaplain of Christ church, Oxford, and then into those of Edward Byshe, esq. who published them in his own name at London, 1665, 4to.1

GREGORY (GEORGE), D. D. a divine and miscellaneous writer, was descended from a family, originally from Scotland, but a branch of which was settled in Ireland. His father, who had been educated in Trinity college, Dublin, held, at the time of his son's birth, the living of Edernin, and a prebend in the cathedral of Ferns. Dr Gregory was born April 14, 1754, and after his father's death in 1766, was removed to Liverpool, where his mother fixed her residence. He passed some time under the tuition of an excellent schoolmaster of the name of Holden, by whom he was much distinguished for his proficiency in learning. As it was his mother's desire that he should be brought up to commerce, he spent some years in mercantile employments; but a taste for literature, which continued to be his ruling propensity, produced a final determination in favour of a learned profession. Although the regular process of education for this purpose had been interrupted, the intervening variety of pursuit and observation proved the foundation of a great store of information relative to the arts and sciences, to commerce, 'manufactures, and political institutions, that was very useful in his subsequent compilations. When his destination was fixed, he passed an interval of study at the university of Edinburgh, and in 1776 entered into holy orders. He first officiated as a curate at Liverpool, where he distinguished himself as a preacher, and wrote some occasional pieces in the periodical journals and magazines, particularly against the slave trade, which he had the spirit to attack in the principal seat of that traffic. In 1782 he removed to London, and obtained the curacy of St. Giles's Cripplegate, in which parish he became very popular, both in that capacity and afterwards as their morning preacher. His other London preferments, if they may be so called, were the curacy and lectureship of St. Botolph's, the lectureship of

'Life prefixed to his Posthumous Works.-Gen. Dict.-Biog. Brit. Supple ment.-Ath, Ox. vol. II.—Lloyd's Memoirs, folio, p. 86.-Fuller's Worthies,

St. Luke's, one of the weekly lectureships of St. Antholin's, and a small prebend in St. Paul's, which he relinquished for the rectory of Stapleford in Hertfordshire. He was also some time one of the evening preachers at the Foundling hospital. In 1804 he was presented by Mr. Addington, now lord Sidmouth, to the valuable living of West Ham in Essex, where in a little time the powers of his constitution, although apparently a strong one, suddenly gave way, and he died, after a short confinement, March 12, 1808.

The greater part of Dr. Gregory's time, after his arrival in London, was spent in literary employment, and principally in compilations that were successful and useful. He was the first who, about 1782-3, suggested a series of extracts from eminent authors, which were published by the late Mr. Kearsley of Fleet-street, under the name of “ Beauties," and had a very extensive sale. He afterwards published an original work, entitled "Essays historical and moral," 1785, 8vo, which introduced him very favourably to the notice of the public, and reached a second edition in 1788. This was followed by, 1. A translation of Lowth's Lectures on the sacred poetry of the Hebrews, 1787." 2. "Church History," 1788, and 1795, 2 vols. 3. "Life of Chatterton," 1780, 8vo, inserted afterwards in the "Biographia Britannica," for which it was originally intended. 4. "Sermons," 1789. 5. A translation of Telemachus, or rather a revisal of Hawkesworth's translation, 1795, 4to. 6. "The Economy of Nature," 3 vols. 8vo. 7. "A Dictionary of Arts and Sciences," 1806, 2 vols. 4to. To some of these it is supposed he contributed little more than his name; but the number of works which he compiled without his name, would furnish perhaps a more numerous list. Among others he was many years editor of the "New Annual Register," conducted through the whole of the French war with bitter hostility to the measures of the British government. He took advantage, however, of the short interval of peace, to give it a turn favourable to the then administration, which it is said procured him the living of West Ham. He left in the press "Letters on Natural and Experimental Philosophy," and a "Series of Letters to his Son," which have since been published.1

GRENADA (LEWIS DE), a celebrated Dominican in the sixteenth century, one of the greatest masters of what

1 Athenæum, vol. III.-Gent. Mag. vol. LXXVIII.

Roman catholics call the spiritual life, was born in 1504, at Grenada. He was educated in the house of the marquis de Mondejar, and acquired great reputation by his piety, preaching, and writings. The kings of Portugal and Castile had a particular esteem for him, and would have raised him to the highest ecclesiastical dignities, but he persisted in refusing their offers. He died December 31, 1588. His works have been translated into French by Mr. Girard, in 2 vols. folio, and 10 vols. 8vo. They are said to be written with uncommon eloquence of style, and contain solid instruction. The principal are, "The Sinner's Guide," 1 vol. ; the "Memorial of the Christian Life," with the supplement, 3 vols. ; a "Treatise on Prayer," 2 vols.; an excellent "Catechism," 4 vols.; the edition of 1709 is more complete than the preceding ones. "Instructions for Preachers," 8vo, a treatise on the duties of bishops; "Sermons," 6 vols. 8vo, Antwerp, 1604, in Latin; the Life of the Holy Priest, Avila, &c.1

GRESHAM (Sir THOMAS), descended of an ancient family distinguished by many honourable persons, which took its name from a town so called in Norfolk, was the younger son of sir Richard Gresham, knight, alderman, sheriff, and lord mayor of London, an opulent merchant, and a man of great public spirit, who died in February 1548. His brother, sir John Gresham, was also an opulent merchant, and had served the offices of alderman, sheriff, and lord mayor. He died of a pestilential fever in 1556, after, among other acts of munificence, endowing the free school of Holt in Norfolk, and bestowing the government of it on the fishmongers' company in London. Thomas, the son of the preceding sir Richard, was born in 1519 at London, and bound apprentice to a mercer there while he was young: but, to enlarge his mind by an education suitable to his birth and fortune, was sent to Caius college, then Gonvil-hall, in Cambridge; where he remained a considerable time, and made such improvements in learning, that Caius the founder of the college styles him "doctissimus mercator," the very learned merchant, However, the profits of trade were then so great, and such large estates had been raised by it in his own family, that he afterwards engaged in it, and was admitted a member of the Mercers' company in 1543. About this time he

1 Dict, Hist. Moreri,

married Anne, the daughter of William Fernley, esq. of West Creting, in Suffolk, and widow of William Reade, of Fulham, in Middlesex, esq., by whom he had a son named Richard, who not long after succeeded his father in the office of agent to king Edward for taking up money of the merchants at Antwerp, and removed to that city with his family in 1551.

The business of his employ gave him a great deal of trouble and much uneasiness. The usual method in which the business of taking up money of the merchants at Antwerp for the king's use, had been managed, was greatly to the prejudice of the crown of England, as well by giving a very large interest for the money borrowed, as other inconveniencies, when the principal was not paid within the time of the contract. And as the money which was now taken up in Mr. Gresham's agency, was not paid at the time agreed on, this gave him great uneasiness, his business being then to get it prolonged, which was not to be done without the consideration of the king's purchasing jewels or some other commodities to a large amount, as a consideration for prolonging the debt, besides continuing the interest. But this way of proceeding he neither thought for his majesty's honour nor his own credit, as his agent, and therefore projected the following scheme to bring the king wholly out of debt in two years-Provided the king and council would assign him 1200l. or 1300l. a week, to be secretly received at one man's hands, that so it might be kept secret, he would so use that matter in Antwerp, that every day he would be seen to take up in his own name 2007. sterling by exchange, which would amount in one year to 73,000l. and so doing it should not be perceived nor give occasion to make the exchange fall. He proposed farther, that the king should take all the lead into his own hands, and making a staple of it, should put out a proclamation or shut up the custom-house, that no lead should be conveyed out of the kingdom for five years; by which the king might cause it to rise, and feed them at Antwerp from time to time, as they should have need. By which means he might keep his money within the realm, and bring himself out of the debts which his father and the late duke of Somerset had brought upon him. This scheme being put into execution, had the proposed effect in discharging his majesty's debts, which were very considerable, as well as in raising his majesty's credit so high

abroad, that he might have borrowed what sums he pleased; and, by the advantageous turn which by this means was given to the exchange in favour of England, not only the price of all foreign commodities was greatly sunk and abated; but likewise gold and silver, which before had been exported in large quantities, were most plentifully brought back again.

In the performance of these services, Gresham often stretched his own credit, and kept up the exchange at his own risk, by which he frequently lost several hundred pounds at a time; and on one particular time he took up 50,000l. for the king's service. In the course of these transactions, he had frequently occasion to meddle with political affairs, as well as those immediately committed to his charge, through the application of the emperor's sister, then regent in the Netherlands, as well as that of the king his master; so that he made at least forty journeys from England to Antwerp during the remainder of the short reign of Edward VI. These services were so acceptable to the young monarch, that about three weeks before his death, he granted to Mr. Gresham, as a mark of his favour, 100l. a year to him and his heirs for ever, Mr. Gresham also obtained, in the course of that reign grants of estates and reversions to the value of about 300l. a year. He was but a young man when first employed by king Edward; and the skill and prudence displayed in the various matters in which he was employed, discovered an uncommon knowledge of mercantile affairs. But notwithstanding his abilities, and the considerable services he had rendered to the crown, he was, upon the accession of queen Mary, removed from his agency. This induced him to draw up a memorial of his services to the late king, which he sent to a minister of state to be laid before her majesty; and the services represented as done, not only to the king, but to the nation in general, by the increase both of money and trade, and the advancement of the public credit, being observed to be fact, he was taken soon after into the queen's service, and reinstated in his former employment, as appears by the commissions given him at different times during that reign. After the decease of queen Mary, in 1558, he was taken immediately into the service of queen Elizabeth, who employed him on her accession to provide and buy up arms; and in 1559 she conferred on him the honour of knighthood, and appointed him her agent in