him rich presents. Yet he remained poor, fortune being in general more liberal of honours than of riches. Although blind, he appears to have felt the tender passion, which he has often introduced in his lyric poetry and in his dramas; in the latter, indeed, he treats of love matters in a style which gives but an unfavourable idea of his delicacy. In 1585 he acquired much reputation at Vincenza by playing the part of Edipus when represented by the academicians in the famous olympic theatre of Palladio. He did not, however, appear on this occasion, until the last act, when Edipus appears blind. He was at this time in full health, but was suddenly attacked with a disorder at Venice, which proved fatal Dec. 13 of that year. His remains were carried to his own country, and interred with great funeral honours. His works consist of orations, published at Venice 1598, 4to, and tragedies, two pastorals, and other pieces of poetry, printed separately. They are distinguished rather by genius than judgment, and abound in that play of words, and those extravagant metaphors which were so much the taste of the subsequent age, and which appear most out of place in his pastorals.'

GROVE (HENRY), a learned divine among the dissenters, was descended from the Groves of Wiltshire, and the Rowes of Devonshire. His grandfather Grove was ejected from a living in Devonshire for nonconformity in 1662; his father suffered much in the same cause for lay-nonconformity under Charles and James II. The eminent piety of Mr. Rowe, his grandfather by the mother's side, may be known by the account of his life by Mr. Theophilus Gale. His father, in particular, filled a life of eighty years honourably and usefully, and died universally esteemed and lamented. From such parents our author was born at Taunton, in Somersetshire, January 4, 1683, and at fourteen years of age, being possessed with a sufficient stock of classical literature, he went through a course of academical learning under the rev. Mr. Warren, of Taunton, who was for many years at the head of a flourishing academy. Having finished here his course of philosophy and divinity, he removed to London, and studied some time under the rev. Mr. Rowe, to whom he was nearly related. At this time he contracted a friendship with several persons of merit, and particularly with Dr. Watts, which

Tiraboschi.-Ginguené Hist. Lit. D'Italie, vol. VI.-Moreri.

continued till his death, though they differed in their judg ment upon several points.

After two years spent in London, he returned into the country; and being now twenty-two years of age, began to preach with great reputation. The spirit of devotion which prevailed in his sermons early procured the friendship of Mrs. Singer, afterwards Mrs. Rowe, which she expressed in an "Ode on Death," addressed to Mr. Grove, Soon after his beginning to preach, he married; and at the age of twenty-three, upon the death of his tutor, Mr. Warren, was chosen to succeed him in the academy at Taunton. The province first assigned him, was ethics and pneumatology; and he composed systems in each. His concern in the academy obliging him to a residence in Taunton, he preached for eighteen years to two small congregations in the neighbourhood. In 1708 he commenced author, by a piece entitled "The Regulation of Diversions," drawn up for the use of his pupils; and about the same time Dr. Samuel Clarke published his "Discourse on the Being and Attributes of God;" and the proof in that work from the necessary ideas of space and duration not convincing our author, he wrote to the doctor for farther information. This occasioned their exchanging several letters; when, not being able to convince each other, the debate was dropped with expressions of great mutual esteem. The next offering he made to the public was several papers in the eighth volume of the " Spectator," viz. No. 588, 601, 626, 635. In 1718 he published “ An Essay towards a Demonstration of the Soul's Immortality." About 1719, when disputes upon the Trinity divided the presbyterians, and when the animosities were carried so high as to produce excommunications, &c. Mr. Grove's moderation on this occasion drew on him the censures and displeasure of some of his own persuasion; what influenced his mind, however, he has explained in his "Essay on the Terms of Christian Communion."

In 1725 he lost his partner in the academy, the rev. Mr. James; and was now obliged to take the students in divinity under his direction. In the execution of this task he confined himself to no system in divinity, but directed his pupils to the best writers on natural and revealed religion, and an impartial consideration of the chief controversies. He likewise succeeded Mr. James in his pastoral charge at Fullwood, near Taunton, in which he continued

till his death. In 1730 he published "The Evidence of our Saviour's Resurrection considered," and the same year, "Some Thoughts concerning the Proof of a future State from Reason," in answer to the rev. Mr. Hallet, junior, which drew him into a dispute on the point with that divine. In this controversy he was thought to disparage the necessity of revelation in regard to that proof. In 1732 he printed "A Discourse concerning the Nature and Design of the Lord's Supper," where he set that institution in the same light with bishop Hoadly. In 1734 he published, without his name, "Wisdom the first Spring of Action in the Deity," which was animadverted on, as to some particulars, by Mr. Balguy, who, however, allowed the discourse in general to abound in solid remarks and sound reasonings. In 1736 he published "A Discourse on saving Faith." The same year he met with a heavy affliction, in the death of his wife; and a little more than a year after this, he died himself; for, having preached on February 19, 1737-8, and with such an uncommon flow of spirits as he said he could hardly govern, he was violently. seized at night with a fever, which carried him off upon the 27th. His friends erected a handsome monument over his grave, on which is a Latin inscription composed by the late Dr, Ward, rhetoric-professor at Gresham-college, who has also obliged the world with an English version of it. Besides the works already mentioned, he published many sermons upon several occasions, and also a volume of "Miscellanies in prose and verse." After his death came out by subscription his "Posthumous Works,” 1740, in 4 vols. 8vo.'

GRUCHIUS, or GROUCHI (NICHOLAS), an eminent antiquary in the sixteenth century, descended from a noble family of Rouen, was the first who explained Aristotle in Greek. He taught with reputation at Paris, Bourdeaux, and Coimbra, and, on his return to France, went to Rochelle, where a college was intended to be established, and where he died in January 1572, leaving many works. The most known are, a translation of F. L. de Castagneda's "History of the Indies," Paris, 1554, 4to; a treatise "De Comitiis Romanorum," 1555, fol.; and some pieces against Sigonius, fol. which Sigonius did not answer till he heard of the author's death.2

1 Biog. Brit.-Life prefixed to his posthumous works, by Mr. Thomas Amory. Moreri.-Clement Bibl. Curieuse. Saxii Onomast.

GRUDIUS.-See EVERARD.

GRUNER (JOHN FREDERICK), an eminent divine and critical scholar, was born at Cobourg in 1723, where his father was aulic counsellor to the duke of Saxe-Cobourg. He was educated in his infancy at home under private tutors. In his thirteenth year he was sent to Weisenborn, and placed under the care of John Faccius, an eminent classical scholar, and after a year's residence here went to the university of Casimir, where he enjoyed the instruc tions and lectures of Berger, Albrecht, and other eminent professors. In 1742 he removed to Jena, where he pursued his studies with great diligence and success, and took his degrees in philosophy. In 1764 he was invited to be professor of theology at Halle, and died there in 1778. His talents are represented to have been very various, and his diligence indefatigable. He published a new edition of "Cælius Sedulius," with various commentaries, "An Introduction to Roman Antiquities," "Miscellanea Sacra," "Various critical Remarks on the Classics," new editions of Eutropius, printed at Cobourg in 1752, and reprinted with additions, 1768, and of Velleius Paterculus, Cobourg, 1762, &c.1

GRUTERUS (JANUS, or JOHN), a celebrated philologer, was born December 3, 1560, at Antwerp. He was the son of John Walter Gruter, burgomaster of Antwerp; who, having, among others, signed the famous petition to the duchess of Parma, the governess of the Netherlands, which gave rise to the word Gueux (Beggars), was banished his country. He crossed the sea to Norwich in England, taking his wife (who was an English woman) and family along with him. Young Gruter was then but an infant; he had the peculiar felicity, like Cicero, of imbibing the elements of learning from his mother, Catharine Tishem; who, besides French, Italian, and English, was complete mistress of Latin, and so well skilled in Greek that she could read Galen in the original. The family found an hospitable asylum in England, where they resided several years, and at a proper age sent their son to complete his education at Cambridge. His parents, after some time, repassing the sea to Middleburg, the son followed them to Holland; and, going to Leyden, studied the civil law, and took his doctor's degree there in that faculty; but, apply

Harles de vitis philologorum.-Dict. Hist.

ing himself at the same time to polite literature, he became an early author, as appears by some Latin verses which he published, under the title of "Ocelli," at twenty years of age.

After taking his degree, he went to Antwerp, to his father, who had returned thither as soon as the States had possessed themselves of it; but, when the city was threatened with a siege by the duke of Parma in 1584, was sent to France, where he resided some years, and then visited other countries. The particular route and circumstances of his travels afterwards are not known; but it appears that he read public lectures upon the classics at Rostock, particularly on Suetonius. He was in Prussia, when Christian, duke of Saxony, offered him the chair of history-professor in the university of Wittemburg; which place he enjoyed but a few months; for, upon the death of that prince, his successors desiring the professors to subscribe the act of concord on pain of forfeiting their places, Gruterus chose rather to resign than subscribe a confession of faith which he could not reconcile to his conscience. He was treated with particular severity on this occasion; for, while two others who were deprived on the same account, had half a year's salary allowed them by way of gratification, according to the custom of those countries, with regard to persons honourably discharged; yet in the case of Gruterus, they did not defray even the expences of his journey. Where he went immediately after this does not appear; but we are told, that, being at Padua at the time of Riccoboni's death, that professor's place was offered to him, together with liberty of conscience: the salary too was very considerable, yet he refused all these advantages. He was apprehensive that so profitable and honourable an employment would expose him to the attacks of envy, and he would not submit to the bare exercise of his religion in private. He was therefore much better pleased with an invitation to Heidelberg, where he filled the professor's chair with great reputation for many years; and, in 1602, had the direction of that famous library, which was afterwards carried to Rome.

This employ suited his genius, and soon after he pubJished the most useful of his works, his large collection of inscriptions, which is dedicated to the emperor Rodolphus II. who bestowed great encomiums upon it, and gave Gruterus the choice of his own reward. He answered that he