a frivolous and unprofitable employment. But he remained inexorable; preferring a competency with books to any fortune without them; and above all, was particularly averse from a court, where " he should," he said, "be constantly obliged to keep the very worst of company.”

His learned friends all this while were labouring to serve him. Grævius tried to get him a place at Duisburg, but could not succeed. The magistrates of Amsterdam soon after offered him a considerable sum to digest and revise Blondel's "Remarks upon Baronius's Annals," and gave him hopes of a professorship; but receiving a letter from Gronovius, which proposed to him a better offer, he declined the undertaking. Gronovius proposed to him the making the tour of France, Italy, and other countries of Europe, in quality of tutor to a rich young gentleman, whose name was Samuel Schas; and this proposal he readily embraced, though he had another letter from Alexander Morus, with the offer of a pension of Saumur, and a lodging in the house of the celebrated professor Amyrault, if he would read lectures upon ancient history to some French noblemen.

He set out with Schas in November 1659; and in April 1660, arrived at Paris, where he found Menage employed in editing Diogenes Laërtius, and communicated to him some observations of his own. He easily found admittance to all the learned wherever he came, being furnished from Holland with instructions and recommendations for that purpose. The two travellers arrived at Toulouse, October 1661, where they both were attacked with a dangerous illness; but recovering, they went to Italy, where they remained all 1662, and part of 1663. At Rome, at Florence, and at Capua, they were introduced to Leo Allatius, Carolus Dati, and other men of talents. In 1663, they returned to France, and continued there the remaining part of the year. Gudius, who seems to have been a provident man, had desired his friends at parting, to watch for some place of settlement for him at his return: and accordingly Heinsius, Gronovius, and Grævius, were very attentive to his interest. But his pupil Schas wished to make another tour, and Gudius preferred accompanying him, as Schas was a lover of letters, and, though immensely rich, resolved to spend his life in studious pursuits. He was also very partial to Gudius, whom he dissuaded from accepting any place; and pressed to accompany him through

the libraries of Germany, as he had already done through those of France and Italy.

Before they set out for Germany, Isaac Vossius, jealous at seeing in the hands of Gudius so many valuable monuments of literature, which they had collected in their first tour, is said to have acted a part, neither becoming a scholar nor an honest man. On the one hand, he affected to hold them light when he talked with Gudius; whom also he did not scruple to treat with an air of contempt, even in the presence of his friend Gronovius, saying, that Gudius had never collated any MS. but always used a copyist for that purpose, and that he did not know the value of them, but was ready to sell them for a trifle to the first purchaser. On the other hand, when he talked to Schas, he represented to him what an estimable treasure he was in possession of, exhorted him not to be the dupe of Gudius, but invited him to join his MSS. with his own; alleging, that they would enjoy them in common during their lives, and after their deaths bequeath them to the public; which unusual act of generosity would gain them great honour. But Vossius did not know that Schas loved books, and understood MSS. perhaps as well as Gudius: and Grævius, in the preface to his edition of "Florus," makes his acknowledgments to Schas, whom he calls vir eximius, for having collated three MSS. of that author in the king of France's library. Vossius used other ungenerous and dishonest means to set Gudius and Schas at variance; and besides causing a quarrel between Schas and his brother, by insinuating, that Gudius had too great a share in the possessions as well as the affections of Schas, he did what he could to ruin Gudius's character with the States of Holland, although here too he failed.

Gudius and Schas set out for Germany, July 1664; but their excursion was short, for they returned to the Hague in December. They went over to England, some time before they went to Germany: but no particulars of this journey are recorded. Gudius continued at the Hague till 1671, refusing to accept any thing, though two professorships were offered him; and then went to settle in his own country, yet without disuniting himself from his pupil, with whom he had lived long as an intimate friend. Heinsius tells Ezekiel Spanheim in a letter, August 1671, that Gudius was made librarian and counsellor to the duke of Holstein; and in another to Falconieri, June 1672, that VOL. XVI.

FF

he was married. In 1674 he was sent by that prince to the court of Denmark; and, December 1675, was informed at the Hague, that Schas was dead at Holstein, and had left his estate to Gudius, with legacies to Grævius, Gronovius, Heinsius, and other learned men: which legacies, however, were revoked in a codicil. The will was contested by the relations of Schas; but Gudius carried the estate, and, as Heinsius relates in a letter, 1676, from that time is said to have discontinued his correspondence with his learned friends in Holland, which we cannot be surprized at, if it be true, as suspected, that he had some hand in the will by which Schas left him his estate. Grævius remarks that he was not only expert at explaining old manuscripts, but also in making new ones.

In 1678, he was irretrievably disgraced with his prince, which created him much affliction, as his learning had not freed his mind from avarice and ambition. However, he was a little comforted afterwards, by being made counsellor to the king of Denmark. He died, somewhat imma turely, in 1689; Burman calls his death immature; and it is certain he could not be old. Though it was constantly expected from him, yet he never published any thing of consequence. At Jena, in 1657, came out a thesis of his, "De Clinicis, sive Grabatariis veteris Ecclesiæ:" and in 1661, when he was at Paris, he published "Hippolyti Martyris de Antichristo librum, Græcè," a piece never printed before. His MSS. however, with his own collations, he communicated to Gronovius, Grævius, Heinsius, and others, who all considered him as excellent in philology and criticism. "Ingenio & doctrina recondita in primis hujus sæculi conspicuus Marquardus Gudius,” are the words of Grævius, in his preface to "Florus:" and Burman, who was far from being lavish of praise, speaks of him in the highest terms, in the preface to "Phædrus," which he published at Amsterdam in 1698, merely for the sake of Gudius's notes. To this edition are added four new fables, which Gudius extracted from a MS. at Dijon. Burman had published in 4to, the year before, at Utrecht, “A Collection of Epistles of Gudius and his Friends," whence these memoirs of him are taken: and, in 1731, came out "Antiquæ Inscriptiones, cum Græcæ tum Latinæ, olim à Marquardo Gudio collectæ, nuper à Joanne Koolio digestæ, hortatu consilioque Joannis Georgii Grævii; nunc à Francisco Hesselio editæ, cum annotationibus eo

tum," Leuwardiæ, folio. About the beginning of the last century, the duke of Wolfenbutel purchased Gudius's manuscripts, and employed Leibnitz in making the bargain, as well as in transporting them to his library. They consisted of a vast number of early MSS. of Greek and Latin authors, many of which had never been used.1

GUERARD (ROBERT), a learned Benedictine, was born in 1641, at Rouen. While he was assisting Delfau in the revisal of St. Augustine's works, he was accused of being concerned in a book entitled "L'Abbé Commandataire, and confined at Ambournay in Bugey. He took advantage of this exile to make a diligent search for ancient MSS. and discovered a great number; among others, St. Augustine's book against Julian, entitled "Opus imperfectum," of which only two copies were at that time known, and sent an exact copy of it to his brethren at Paris. Guerard was afterwards sent to Fescamp, and then to Rouen, where he died, Jan. 2, 1715. He left "Abrégé de la Bible, en forme de Questions et de Réponses familières," 2 vols. 12mo. This work is esteemed, and has gone through several editions.2

GUERCINO, whose proper name was John Francis BARBIERI, an eminent artist, was born at Cento, a village subject to Ferrara, in 1590, and learnt the principles of the art from his countrymen Cremonini and Benedetto Gennari. Tradition classes him with the disciples of the Carracci; but neither his age, his habits, nor his style, make it probable that he ever belonged to that school; for of three manners which he successively adopted, it is difficultto say which differs most from its precepts. The first, and least known, is an imitation of Caravagio, abrupt with vivid lights, and deep shades, without much study in faces or extremities; flesh of a yellow cast, and little amenity of colour. From this he passed to the second, his best and most valued manner, gradually improving it by observation, and the help of the Venetian, Bolognese, and Roman schools, by connexion with the best scholars of the Carracci, and the friendship of Caravagio, whose style still forms its basis in bold contrasts of light and shade, but sweetly united, and magically relieved; like Caravagio, he obliterates the outline, but leaves him far behind in ele

Niceron, vol. XXVI.-Chaufepie.-Gudii Epistola curante Burmanne, 1697, 4to.-Saxii Onomast.

2 Mereri-Dict. Hist.

gance and dignity of feature. His females, insidiously charming, dart a sting from their veiled eyes, though his men generally exhibit little more than what the model could afford; youthful vulgarity, emaciated age.

Emulation, and the desire to share the applause lavished on the suavity of Guido's style, once more tempted him to change, and to adopt a gayer and more open manner: he now attempted gentility, variety of character and expression, and sometimes succeeded. But borrowed successes could not atone for the loss of that poignancy and strength which mark his second period, and stamp him an original.

The few specimens left of Guercino's first manner, are at Bologna and Cento; of the second, are, in general, all he painted at Rome in fresco or in oil, the Aurora in the Villa Ludovisi, the St. Petronilla now in the Louvre, and the Dido in the Spada collection, and of that style is the cupola of the dome in Piacenza; of the third manner, though it bears many traces of the second, the picture of the Circumcision, once at Bologna, now in the Louvre, is the most celebrated. Guercino was invited to Rome by Gregory XV.; and after two years spent there with much success, returned home: whence he could not be drawn by the most powerful allurements from either the kings of England or France. Nor could Christina, queen of Sweden, prevail with him to leave Bologna, though in her passage through it she made him a visit, and would not be satisfied till she had taken him by the hand; "that hand," said she, "which had painted 106 altar-pieces, 144 pictures for people of the first quality in Europe, and had, besides, composed ten books of designs." He received the honour of knighthood from the duke of Mantua. He died a bachelor in 1666, very rich, notwithstanding vast sums of money, which he had expended in building chapels, founding hospitals, and other acts of charity: for, it is reported, that he was every where as much venerated for his exemplary piety and charity, as for his knowledge and skill in his profession.'

GUERET (GABRIEL), an elegant French writer, was born in 1641, at Paris, and admitted advocate to the parliament in that city, and although he seldom pleaded, was much consulted as a chamber counsel, in which rank he met with great success. He died April 22, 1688, at Paris.

1 Pilkington.-Argenville, vol. II.