parallel between Gustavus and the great Scipio,, and it is certain that they had many traits of character in common. Scipio attacked the Carthaginians in their own dominions; and Gustavus undertook to curb the pride of Austria by carrying the war into the heart of her country. Here indeed the advantage is with Gustavus; for, the Carthaginian power was already debilitated; but the emperor's had before never received any check. He died literally, as it is said of him, with the sword in his hand, the word of command on his tongue, and victory in his imagination. His life has been well written by our countryman Harte; and he appears in all respects to have deserved the high and numerous encomiums which writers of all countries have heaped upon his memory. Some have suspected this exalted character to have lost his life from the intrigues of cardinal Richelieu; others from Lawemburgh, one of his generals, whom Ferdinand the emperor is said to have corrupted. He left an only daughter, whom he had by the princess Mary of Brandenburg, and who succeeded her father at the age of five. This princess was the celebrated Christina queen of Sweden.'

GUTHRIE (WILLIAM), an eminent clergyman of the presbyterian church of Scotland, descended from the ancient family of Pitforthy in the shire of Angus, was born on his father's estate of Pitforthy in 1620, and educated at the university of St. Andrew's under his cousin, professor James Guthrie, who was executed at the restoration for his opposition to episcopal government, although he had with equal zeal opposed the usurpation of Cromwell. Under this tutor our author became a very hard student, well versed in the classical languages; and after taking his degree of M. A. studied divinity under professor Samuel Rutherford. He became afterwards private tutor to the eldest son of the earl of Loudon, chancellor of Scotland, and in November 1644 was presented to the church of Finwick, a newly erected parish, and consisting of inhabitants rude and unacquainted with religion. The pains he bestowed upon them, however, soon produced a favourable change in their manners, and his easy and affable address and example had a remarkable effect upon them. With this view, as he was fond of fishing, fowling, and other field sports, he took those opportunities to mix

1 Universal History, Harte's Life of Gustavus Adolphus,

among his people, and recommend morals and piety. He was not less happy in curbing the insolence of Cromwell's army when in Scotland, by addressing them with an eloquence and air of authority which they could not resist. In the mean time his great fame as a preacher procured him invitations from the more eligible churches of Renfrew, Linlithgow, Stirling, Glasgow, and Edinburgh, to all which he preferred his humble situation at Finwick, and continued among his parishioners until 1664, when he was ejected by Burnet, archbishop of Glasgow, notwithstanding the solicitations of the earl of Glencairn, then chancellor of Scotland, and other persons of rank, who represented Mr. Guthrie as an excellent man and well affected to government. He did not long survive this sentence, dying Oct. 10, 1665. Some spurious publications were attributed to him; but the only genuine work extant is his “ Christian's Great Interest," which has long been a standard book in Scotland, and has been translated into Dutch and French, and, as reported, into one of the Eastern languages, at the expence of the Hon. Robert Boyle.'

GUTHRIE (WILLIAM), a miscellaneous writer and compiler, whose name is now chiefly preserved by a geographical grammar, which it is said he did not write, was a gentleman descended from an ancient family, being the representative of the Guthries of Haukerton, in the county of Angus, Scotland. He was born at Brichen in that County in 1708, and educated at King's college, Aberdeen, where he took his degrees, and followed the profession of a schoolmaster. He is said to have removed to London, in consequence of a love-affair, which created some disturbance in his family; others report that having but a small patrimony, and being an adherent of the unfortunate house of Stuart, he could not accept of any office in the state; he came therefore to London, and employed his talents and learning as, what he himself calls, "an author by profession." His talents and learning were not of the inferior kind, when he chose to employ them leisurely; but he wrote hastily, and often in need, and seems to have cared little for his reputation, by lending his name frequently where he did not contribute with his pen. Among his first employments was that of compiling the parliamentary debates for the Gentleman's Magazine, before Dr. Johnson

1 Life prefixed to the above work.

"His

undertook that business; for this purpose Guthrie sometimes attended the house, but more frequently had to depend on very slight information. Connecting himself afterwards with the booksellers, he compiled a variety of works, among which are "A History of the English Peerage, tory of the World," 12 vols. 8vo, "A History of England," Co History of Scotland," 10 vols. 8vo, and the well-known Geographical Grammar," said to have been really compiled by Knox the bookseller. Besides these, he translated "Quintilian," 2 vols. 8vo, "Cicero's Offices," Svo, and "Cicero's Epistles to Atticus," 2 vols. 12mo. Of his original compositions we have heard only of a beautiful poem, "The Eagle and Robin Red-breast," in the collection of poems called the "Union," where, however, it is said to be written by Archibald Scott, before 1600; "The Friends, a sentimental history," 1754, 2 vols. 12mo; and "Remarks on English Tragedy," a pamphlet. He was engaged, however, in many political papers and pamphlets, to which his name did not appear; and in 1745-6, received a pension of 2001. from government, for the services of his pen, which was continued during his life. In 1762 he renewed the offer of his services to the minister of the day, and they probably were accepted. He had the pen of a ready writer, and his periodical essays were perhaps his best. Much was expected from his "Peerage," in which he was assisted by Mr. Ralph Bigland, each individual article being submitted to the inspection of the representative of the noble family treated of; yet, notwithstanding all this care, the work abounds with errors, contradictions, and absurdities. His "History of England" merits greater praise, and had at least the honour of irritating Horace Walpole to a gross abuse of Guthrie, because he had anticipated some of Walpole's opinions concerning Richard III. Guthrie wrote at that time in the Critical Review, and pointed out his own discoveries. Boswell informs us, that Dr. Johnson esteemed Guthrie enough to wish that his life should be written. This, however, was neglected when the means of information were attainable. He died March 9, 1770, and was interred in Marybone burial-ground, with a monument and inscription against the east wall.'

GUTTENBERG, or GUTENBERG (JOHN), called also GÆNSFLEISCH de Sulgeloch, the reputed inventor of the

1 Lysons's Environs, vol. III.-Nichols's Bowyer.--Boswell's Life of Johnson, -D'Israeli's. Calamities of Authors, &c.

art of printing, was born at Mentz, of noble and wealthy parents, about 1400. In 1427 he came to reside at Strasburgh as a merchant, but appears to have returned to Mentz in 1430, and to have been a man of property in 1434. Between this and the year 1439 he had conceived and perhaps made some trials of the art of printing with metal types. In the archives of the city of Mentz, Schoepflin discovered a document of a process carried on by Guttenberg against one George Dritzehen, from which we learn that the former had promised to make the latter acquainted with a secret art that he had recently discovered. In the same document mention is made of four forms kept together by two screws, or press-spindles, and of letters and pages being cut up and destroyed, to prevent any person from discovering the art. The ablest writers have, however, differed upon the subject of the materials with which Guttenberg at first printed. Schoepflin supposed them to have been metal; Fournier, Meerman, and Fischer, were of opinion that they were composed of wood. In the years 1441-2 Guttenberg lived at Strasburg, as a wealthy man, and continued in the same place till 1446, when he returned again to Mentz, and seems to have opened his mind fully to Fust, a goldsmith of the same place (See FUST), and prevailed on him to advance large sums of money in order to make more complete trials of the art. Between 1450

and 1455, the celebrated Bible of 637 leaves, the first important specimen of printing with metal types, was executed between Guttenberg and Fust. Exclusively of the Bible, Guttenberg is supposed to have printed some other works, but there is no book whatever extant with his name subscribed. He died about the latter end of 1467. More ample information and discussion on the invention of this noble art, and the claims of Guttenberg, may be found in Oberlin's "Essai sur les annales de la vie de Jean Gutenberg," 1801; Fischer's "Essai sur les monumens Typo-, graphiques de Gutenberg," 1802, 4to; Danou's "Analyse des opinions diverses sur l'origine de l'Imprimerie," 1803, 8vo; and the better known works of Schoepflin, Meerman, Fournier, Heinecken, and Lambinet. '

GUY (THOMAS), founder of Guy's hospital, was the son of Thomas Guy, lighterman and coal-dealer in Horseleydown, Southwark. He was put apprentice, in 1660, to a

'Dibdin's Typographical Antiquities, vol. I.

bookseller, in the porch of Mercers' chapel, and set up trade with a stock of about 2007. in the house that forms the angle between Cornhill and Lombard-street. The English Bibles being at that time very badly printed, Mr. Guy engaged with others in a scheme for printing them in Holland, and importing them; but, this being put a stop to, he contracted with the university of Oxford for their privilege of printing them, and carried on a great Bible trade for many years to considerable advantage. Thus he began to accumulate money, and his gains rested in his hands; for, being a single man and very penurious, his expences were very trifling. His custom was to dine on his shop-counter, with no other table-cloth than an old newspaper; he was also as little nice in regard to his apparel. The bulk of his fortune, however, was acquired by the less reputable purchase of seamen's tickets during queen Anne's wars, and by South-sea stock in the memorable year 1720.

+

To shew what great events spring from trivial causes, it may be observed, that the public are indebted to a most trifling incident for the greatest part of his immense fortune's being applied to charitable uses. Guy had a maidservant, whom he agreed to marry; and, preparatory to his nuptials, he had ordered the pavement before his door to be mended so far as to a particular stone which he marked. The maid, while her master was out, innocently looking on the paviours at work, saw a broken place they had not repaired, and mentioned it to them; but they told her that Mr. Guy had directed them not to go so far. Well," says she, "do you mend it: tell him I bade you, and I know he will not be angry." It happened, however, that the poor girl presumed too much on her influence over her wary lover, with whom the charge of a few shillings extraordinary turned the scale entirely against her; for, Guy, enraged to find his orders exceeded, renounced the matrimonial scheme, and built hospitals in his

old age.

In 1707 he built and furnished three wards on the north side of the outer court of St. Thomas's hospital in Southwark, and gave 100%. to it annually for eleven years preceding the erection of his own hospital. Some time before his death he erected the stately iron gate, with the large houses on each side, at the expence of about 3000l. He was seventy-six years of age when he formed the design of VOL. XVI.

I I