heaven and earth: these are the pillars of the heaven. I saw the winds of heaven which turn and bring the circumference of the sun and all the stars to their setting. I saw the winds on the earth carrying the clouds: I saw the paths of the angels. I saw at the end of the earth the firmament of the heaven above. And I proceeded and saw a place which burns day and night, where there are seven mountains of magnificent stones, three toward the east, and three toward the south. And as for those toward the east, one was of colored stone, and one of pearl, and one of jacinth, and those toward the south of red stone. But the middle one reached to heaven like the throne of God, of alabaster, and the summit of the throne was of sapphire. And I saw a flaming fire. And beyond these mountains is a region the end of the great earth: there the heavens were completed. And I saw a deep abyss, with columns of heavenly fire, and among them I saw columns of fire fall, which were beyond measure alike toward the height and toward the depth. And beyond that abyss I saw a place which had no firmament of heaven above, and no firmly founded earth beneath it: there was no water upon it, and no birds, but it was a waste and horrible place. I saw there seven stars like great burning mountains, and to me, when I inquired regarding them, the angel said: "This place is the end of heaven and earth: this has become a prison for the stars and the host of heaven. And the stars which roll over the fire are they which have transgressed the commandment of the Lord in the beginning of their rising, because they did not come forth at their appointed times. And He was wroth with them, and bound them till the time when their guilt should be consummated even for ten thousand years."

And Uriel said to me: "Here shall stand the angels who have connected themselves with women, and their spirits assuming many different forms are defiling mankind and

8 This chapter disagrees with xv.-xvi., as here the spirits of the fallen angels are free to seduce men to sacrifice to demons. In fact the fallen

shall lead them astray into sacrificing to demons as gods, here shall they stand, till the day of the great judgment in which they shall be judged till they are made an end of. And the women also of the angels who went astray shall become sirens." And I, Enoch, alone saw the vision, the ends of all things: and no man shall see as I have seen.

CHAPTER XX

And these are the names of the holy angels who watch: Uriel, one of the holy angels, who is over the world and over Tartarus; Raphael, one of the holy angels, who is over the spirits of men; Raguel, one of the holy angels who takes vengeance on the world of the luminaries; Michael, one of the holy angels, to wit, he that is set over the best part of mankind and over chaos; Saraqael, one of the holy angels, who is set over the spirits, who sin in the spirit; Gabriel, one of the holy angels, who is over Paradise and the serpents and the Cherubim; Remiel, one of the holy angels whom God set over those who rise.

The Second Journey of Enoch

CHAPTER XXI

And I proceeded to where things were chaotic. And I saw there something horrible: I saw neither a heaven above nor a firmly founded earth, but a place chaotic and horrible. And there I saw seven stars of the heaven bound together in it, like great mountains and burning with fire. Then I said: "For what sin are they bound, and on what account have they been cast in hither?" Then said Uriel, one of the holy angels, who was with me, and was chief over them, and said: "Enoch, why dost thou ask, and why art thou eager for the truth? These are of the number of the stars of heaven which have transgressed the commandment of the angels here have the function of tempting men which is elsewhere assigned to the demons. The women too become female demons here. If, however, xix. belongs to x.-xvi., then xix. is defective. "Their spirits" should be followed by "of the giants," which would be an Aramaic idiom likely to be misunderstood by a Greek translator.

9

Lord, and are bound here till ten thousand years, the time entailed by their sins, are consummated." And from thence I went to another place, which was still more horrible than the former, and I saw a horrible thing: a great fire there which burnt and blazed, and the place was cleft as far as the abyss, being full of great descending columns of fire: neither its extent or magnitude could I see, nor could I conjecture. Then I said: "How fearful is the place and how terrible to look upon!" Then Uriel answered me, one of the holy angels who was with me, and said unto me: "Enoch, why hast thou such fear and affright?" And I answered: "Because of this fearful place, and because of the spectacle of the pain." And he said unto me: "This place is the prison of the angels, and here they will be imprisoned forever."

And thence I went to another place, and he showed me in the west another great and high mountain and of hard rock. And there were in it four hollow places, deep and wide and very smooth. How smooth are the hollow places and deep and dark to look at!

Then Raphael answered, one of the holy angels who was with me, and said unto me: "These hollow places have been created for this very purpose, that the spirits of the souls of the dead should assemble therein, yea that all the souls of the children of men should assemble here. And these places have been made to receive them till the day of their judgment and till their appointed period, till the great judgment comes upon them."

I saw the spirits of the children of men who were dead,

"Another place." Apparently the final prison of the angels here is the abyss of chapter xviii, which was below the waste place, where the seven stars are bound already.

10 This chapter contains a very detailed account of Sheol, or Hades. The writer places it in the far west, as the Babylonians, Greeks, and Egyptians did, and not in the underworld, as the Hebrews. In all other sections of Enoch the Hebrew view prevails. This is the earliest statement of the Pharisaic or Chasid doctrine of Sheol, but here it is already full-grown. The departed have conscious existence; and moral, not social, distinctions are observed in Sheol.

and their voice went forth to heaven and made suit. Then I asked Raphael the angel who was with me, and I said unto him: whose is it, whose voice goeth forth

"This spirit

and maketh suit?"

And he answered me saying: "This is the spirit which went forth from Abel, whom his brother Cain slew, and he makes his suit against him till his seed is destroyed from the face of the earth, and his seed is annihilated from amongst the seed of men."

Then I asked regarding it, and regarding all the hollow places: "Why is one separated from the other?"

And he answered me and said unto me: "These three have been made that the spirits of the dead might be separated.11 And such a division has been made for the spirits of the righteous, in which there is the bright spring of water. And such has been made for sinners 12 when they die and are buried in the earth and judgment has not been executed on them in their lifetime. Here their spirits shall be set apart in this great pain till the great day of judgment and punishment and torment of those who curse forever and retribution for their spirits. There He shall bind them forever. And such a division has been made 13 for the spirits of those who make their suit, who make disclosures concerning their destruction, when they were slain in the days of the sinners. Such has been made for the spirits of men who were not righteous but sinners, who were complete in transgression, and of the transgressors they shall be companions: but their spirits shall not be slain 14 in the day of judgment nor shall they be raised 15 from thence."

11 The first division is for the souls of the righteous, whether martyred or not. Thus good and ill fortune in life do not continue after death. "The bright spring" seems to refer to an existing tradition.

12 The second division is for those sinners who lived prosperously and attained to honorable burial, having escaped punishment in life. 13 The third division is for the sinners who suffered in their life and therefore incur less penalty in Sheol. The suffering unrighteous cry to God for vengeance.

There are degrees of suffering in

14" Their spirits shall not be slain." Sheol. The worst penalty seems to be "the slaying of the spirit," but even this did not imply annihilation.

15" Nor shall they be raised." The sinners in the second division will

Then I blessed the Lord of glory and said:

"Blessed be my Lord, the Lord of righteousness, who ruleth forever." 16

CHAPTER XXIII

From thence I went to another place to the west of the ends of the earth.17 And I saw a burning fire which ran without resting, and paused not from its course day or night but ran regularly. And I asked, saying: "What is this which rests not?" Then Raguel, one of the holy angels who was with me, answered me and said unto me: "This course of fire which thou hast seen is the fire in the west which persecutes all the luminaries of heaven."

The Seven Mountains in the Northwest and the Tree of Life

CHAPTER XXIV

And from thence I went to another place of the earth, and he showed me a mountain range of fire which burnt day and night. And I went beyond it and saw seven magnificent mountains all differing each from the other, and the stones thereof were magnificent and beautiful, magnificent as a whole, of glorious appearance and fair exterior: three toward the east, one founded on the other, and three toward the south, one upon the other, and deep rough ravines, no one of which joined with any other. And the seventh mountain was in the midst of these, and it excelled them in height, resembling the seat of a throne: and fragrant trees encircled the throne. And among them was a tree such as I had never yet smelt, neither was any among them nor were others like it: it had a fragrance beyond all fragrance, and its leaves and blooms and wood wither not forever: and its fruit is beautiful, and its fruit resembles the dates of a palm. rise, but only for a severer condemnation. Is the Resurrection here general, or only for Israel? If general, this declaration is unique in preChristian Jewish Apocrypha.

16 After each fresh revelation Enoch generally bursts forth into a doxology.

17 Enoch is still in the west, but proceeds to another quarter in it, where there is a restless river of fire.