88. Point out the more general defects in the management APPEndix B. of manure heaps; and state simple remedies for these evils. II. Lectures 89. Is it proper to mix lime with guano? grounds of your opinion.

Give the in Clonmel

90. Mention some precautions as to the form of applying guano, and state whether there be any national source, at present neglected, whence we might obtain a manure equal to guano in value.

91. State the influence of coterminous geological formations, on the fertility of a soil. Give your reason, and examples in illustration.

92. What is the general nature of mica-slate soils? and name the material of which they are principally in want. 93. Describe the general nature of sandstone soils, and the kind of crops to which they are most suitable.

94. Show the difference between the fertility of soils derived from granite and syenite; and give your reason.

95. What addition would prove most serviceable to a granitic soil?

96. What is the general nature of soils of the coal formation ?

97. State the general origin of soils, and whether there be any soil in Ireland an exception to this rule. Give proofs. 98. Mention the influence of position of a soil (as to its height above the level of the sea) on its fertility.

THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON.

Give the

99. Name the different commercial ores of iron. geological formation in which each is found-the per centage of metal in any one of them-and, finally, state which ore is now preferred in England, and why it is?

100. From what ore is iron manufactured in the north of Europe and does Ireland present any similarity of circumstance with respect to either ore or fuel? State par

ticulars.

101. What ores of iron were chiefly used in Ireland formerly and why was this manufacture discontinued?

102. Is this reason sufficient to prevent its future manufacture here? State also what substitute now exists in Ireland for the timber charcoal formerly employed.

103. Name the materials used at the great iron furnaces of the coal fields, to flux the matrix and reduce the metal, distinguishing each, and assigning the cause of its action.

104. How is wrought iron made? Give the chemical principles on which its manufacture depends.

105. What is the chemical name of steel? and how is it usually formed?

District Model
School.

Dr. Clarke.

APPENDIX B.

II. Lectures in Clonmel

District Model

School.

Dr. Clarke.

106. Can steel be made in a less expensive manner than by reduction to the state of wrought iron, and subsequent cementation with carbon? If so, describe the process, and the chemical principles involved.

107. Describe the operation of tempering shear and cast steel, pointing out the test commonly used in each case, and describing any modern improvement rendering the operation more certain and less expensive.

MANUFACTURE OF EARTHENWARE.

108. How would you ascertain the fitness of any specimen of earth for the purposes of fine pottery ?

109. Describe the three varieties of glaze used in earthenware (including porcelain), specifying the quality of ware for which each is particularly suited, and showing the chemical action on which it is founded.

110. State some tests by which you might distinguish between true oriental porcelain and the inferior sort manufactured in Europe.

111. What are the constituents of kaolin, or true porcelain earth? State, also, the source from which it is derived, and whether it can be obtained in Ireland; and if so, in what geological formation ?

112. State some localities where fine potters' earth exists in Ireland, and even in Tipperary.

113. Mention the necessary constituents of potters' earth, and state why alumina alone would not suit.

114. Point out the principal forms in which alumina is found in nature-state its uses, and how prepared artificially.

PREPARATION OF OILS, VARNISHES, AND ART OF LACQUERING.

115. Mention the difference between volatile and fixed oils; give other synonymous terms for each, and describe the process by which each is obtained.

116. What is meant by the term "cold drawn oil ?"

117. Describe the manufacture of the principal expressed vegetable oils.

118. Name the qualities of olive, rape, and linseed oils as distinguished from each other, and the purposes for which each is most applicable.

119. Give the mode of preparing drying-oil, and the chemical principles involved in it.

120. Mention the manner of refining rape oil, and in what respect it might be improved.

121. State the general difference between animal and vegetable oils, as to the effect of heat and cold upon them.

122. What is the name of the family of plants (according APPENDIX B, to the "Natural System" of classification) which yields vo- II. Lectures

latile oils?.

in Clonmel

123. Mention the cause of the name, and the external District Model character of such plants, as to their corolla, leaf, and stem.

School.

124. State the chemical nature of varnishes, and their Dr. Clarke. object in the arts.

125. From which of the three kingdoms of nature are shell and seed lac obtained? and state the uses to which each is respectively applied.

126. Give the composition of pale lacquer, and its uses in the arts.

127. Describe the method of lacquering polished brasswork.

128. Name the materials used to deepen the colour of lacquer.

DISTILLATION, SUBLIMATION, REDUCTION OF ORES, and Nature
OF ALLOYS.

129. State the general principles on which distillation and sublimation depend. Mention the difference between the two operations, and note any modern improvement in the form of stills.

130. Mention the appearance and properties of sulphur, also the mode of obtaining it by sublimation; and state the sources whence it is or might be derived, particularly any Irish source, if such exist.

131. Give other examples of sublimation.

132. Show the danger attendant on distillation of sulphuric acid, and how it may be remedied.

133. Describe Coffey's patent still, and the principles on which it depends.

134. Describe Liebig's apparatus for the condensation of ether and other volatile bodies.

135. State the general principle on which the reduction of oxides to the metallic state depends; and give examples of some of the bodies used to produce this effect.

136. Name some of the most important and remarkable alloys; and give the relative proportion of the constituents of ancient bronze, speculum metal, tin-workers' solder, plumbers' solder, and standard silver.

137. Has the preparation in atomic proportion any influence on the permanence of an alloy?

138. Illustrate your answer by stating the different influence of the atmosphere on the specula of two remarkable telescopes (Sir John Herschel's and Lord Rosse's), also as to the former and present mode of making lead pipes.

APPENDIX B.

II. Lectures

in Clonmel

District Model
School.

Dr. Clarke.

139. What is an amalgam? Name some; and state the uses to which they are applied.

ON SOAP-BOILING, &c.

140. What are the agents which convert oils and fats into soap? and what are the chemical actions attending the change?

141. Name the methods used to bleach palm oil.

142. Describe the effect produced by the use of potass and soda respectively on the manufacture of soap.

143. What is barilla? and how is it prepared?

144. How would you test the relative value of two specimens of alkaline compounds (such as barilla) to the soapboiler?

145. How would you determine the relative illuminating power of different kinds of candles?

146. Name some purposes to which soap-boilers' waste is applicable.

ON TANNING.

147. State the chemical principle involved in the use of oak bark, and other astringent substances, in tanning leather. 148. Mention an experimental illustration in proof of the last statement.

149. Which is the bark of old or of young trees the better for tanning leather?

150. Why is it that hurried tanning, with a strong infusion, produces a heavier, more brittle, and more porous leather than that prepared slowly, by a less concentrated infusion of bark?

151. Describe some modern improvements in the operations of tanning; also mention the astringent substances generally used in this process, stating the objection to the use of divi, mimosa, and catechu.

152. Mention the names of the plants or trees which yield the following astringents, viz., valonia, catechu, sumach; also state the country from which each is obtained, and the part of the plant which furnishes it.

153. Describe the processes of tawing and chamoying, mentioning the chemical principles involved in the former, and in what the leathers so prepared differ from tanned leather.

154. State to what process "Russian leather" owes its great value, and in what "TRUE Morocco" differs from "IMITATION Morocco leather."

155. Describe the method of unhairing hides practised in New York, and give your opinion of the process.

ON PLATING, SILVERING, AND GILDING.

156. State the mode of silvering the dials of barometers. 157. Ditto of hollow mirrors.

158. Ditto of copper by electricity.

159. Ditto of strongly plating copper with silver. 160. Describe the old mode of gilding by amalgamation; and the present method of gilding by electricity.

161. What is the chemical nature of the solution employed in the latter operation, also in silvering by electricity?

162. Mention the nature of the disease to which those gilders were subject who adopted the method of gilding by amalgamation. Explain the cause, and show how this form of gilding has been rendered economical and safe.

PRACTICAL GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY.

163. Give the order of super-position in which the various rocks are everywhere found.

164. Name the localities of each (on the great scale) in Ireland.

165. Divide these into primary, primary stratified or transition, secondary, and tertiary.

166. Describe the special geology of the county Tipperary, from north to south.

167. State a probable cause of the fertility of the "Golden Vale" in Tipperary and Limerick.

168. Describe the geological position of the chief metallic ores; and give some of the localities in which those of copper, lead, iron, and manganese are found in Ireland, particularly in Tipperary and Waterford.

169. Mention sources of wealth existing, but not yet made available, in the counties just mentioned.

THE STEAM-Engine.

170. Name the dates of invention of Savary's, Newcomen's, and Watt's engines.

171. State the merits and defects of Savary's engine.

172. What were the improvements effected by Newcomen, and the defects which still remained? Was it really a steam engine?—was the piston forced either up or down by steam?

173. Point out the chief objects which Watt proposed to himself to accomplish, and also the measures by which he effected them, beginning with the single-acting engine.

174. Give the reasons which caused Watt to disregard the improvement of the boiler, and to direct his attention solely to the engine.

175. Mention the weight of water raised one foot high by

APPENDIX B.

II. Lectures

in Clonmel District Model School.

Dr. Clarke.