elsewhere to be found. A very elegant translation of this amusing, but in many parts obscure and difficult author, with useful notes, was given in English, in three volumes, 8vo. by Mr. Beloe, in 1795.

CLAUDIUS ÆLIAN, born at Præneste in Italy, taught rhetoric in Rome, under Alexander Severus. He was surnamed Honeymouth, on account of the sweetness of his style, and entitled Sophist, an appellation in his days given only to men of learning and wisdom. He loved retirement, and studied Plato, Aristotle, Isocrates, Plutarch, &c. ; and, though a Roman, gave the preference to the Greek authors. His Various History is a curious collection of anecdotes, the best editions of which are, that of Perizonius, in 1701, and that by Gronovius in 1731. His History of Animals is also valuable. His works were collected and published by Gesner at Zurich, in 1556.

HERODES ATTICUS, a celebrated actor, was born at Marathon. His lectures on elocution were heard with such applause, that he was sent for by Titus Antoninus, to instruct Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. He was honoured with the consulship, and other high offices. He generously erected an aqueduct at Troas, of which he had been made governor, and raised other public buildings in different places of the empire, equally useful and magnificent. He was particularly liberal as a benefactor to Athens. He died at Marathon, at the age of seventy-six. Some of his speeches are in the Aldine collection of Greek orators, and also in Stevens's edition.

CAIUS SULPICIUS APOLLINARIS, a very learned grammarian, born at Carthage, and lived under the Antonines; he is supposed to be the author of the verses which are prefixed to the comedies of Terence, and contain the arguments of them. He had for his successor, in the profession of grammar, Helvius Pertinax, who had been his scholar, and was at last emperor.

POLYÆNUS, the author of eight books of the Stratagems of Illustrious Commanders in war. He was probably a Macedonian, and perhaps a soldier in the early part of his life. He was undoubtedly a rhetorician and a pleader of causes; and appears, from the dedication of his work to the emperors Antoninus and Verus, to have lived towards the end of the second century. His work entitled "Stratagemata," was published by Isaac Časaubon, in 1589; but the best edition is that of Leyden, in 1690. There is an English translation by Shepherd, 1793, 4to.

BACCHIUS, a follower of Aristoxenus, supposed by Fabricius to have been tutor to the emperor Marcus Antoninus, and consequently to have lived about A. D. 140. He wrote in Greek a short introduction to music in dialogue, which Meibomius has published, with a Latin translation. It was first published in the original by Mersennus, in his Commentary on the

first six chapters of Genesis; and afterwards he published a translation of it in French, which Meibomius, in the preface to his edition of the ancient musical authors, censures, as being grossly erroneous.

ÆLIUS ARISTIDES, a Sophist, was born at Adriani in Mysia. In 178 the city of Smyrna was destroyed by an earthquake; on which he wrote so pathetic a letter to the emperor, that he caused it to be rebuilt; and the inhabitants, out of gratitude, erected a statue to Aristides. He was an eloquent man, but very superstitious. He died about the 60th year of his age. His works were published at Oxford in 1723, 2 vols. 4to.

DYSCOLUS APOLLONIUS, a grammarian of Alexandria. He wrote in Greek a book " On Syntax," which was printed at Venice, in 1405, and afterwards at Frankfort in 1590. There is likewise ascribed to him a collection of historical curiosities, printed at Basil in 1568, and at Leyden in 1620,

M. VALERIUS PROBUS, a Latin grammarian, lived under the emperor Adrian. He wrote several treatises, among which was one, cited by Servius, entituled, "De Temporum Connexione." Some remaining fragments of his writings have been published among the Grammatici Latini Veteres.

MARCUS CORNELIUS FRONTO, a Roman orator who was preceptor to the emperor Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verres. The former made him consul, and erected a statue to his honour. He taught him not only eloquence, but the duty of a monarch, and excellent morals.

SYMMACHUS, a writer, who translated the Hebrew Bible into Greek. Only a few fragments of his works are extant. PHRYNICUS, a Greek orator, was a native of Bithynia, and flourished under Commodus. There remain of his works, 1. A Treatise on the Attic Dialect, printed in Greek and Latin several times, in 4to. ; 2. The Sophistical Apparatus, a Collection of Greek phrases. There were two others of this name, the one a tragic and the other a comic poet.

MAXIMUS MARIUS, a Latin writer, who published an account of the Roman Emperors from Alexander to Trajan, now lost. His compositions were noted as being very entertaining, but abounding with fabulous stories.

HERMOGENES of Tarsus, an ancient orator, who was in every respect a prodigy. At seventeen years of age he published his System of Rhetoric, and at twenty his Philosophic Ideas; but at twenty-five he totally lost his memory. His body being opened after his death, his heart was found of an extraordinary size, and covered with hair. He died about 168. His works were published at Geneva in 1614, 8vo.

RELIGION.

HYGINUS, a divine, is thought to have been a native of Athens, and was brought up as a philosopher by profession. He was elected to the office of bishop of Rome upon the martyrdom of Telesphorus, about the year 140, and filled it till his death, which took place three years after. He was the zealous opponent of the doctrines propagated at that period by Valentine and Cerdo, but could not prevent them from making considerable progress. Platina says that he settled and confirmed several orders and degrees of the clergy; ordained the solemn consecration of the churches, and did many other acts which were regarded at that period as of great importance to the interests of the prevailing religion.

PIUS I., pope and saint, succeeded Hyginus, A. D. 143. He was an Italian; he condemned the heresies of Valentinian; and is said to have suffered martyrdom in 157.

ANICETUS, pope, a Syrian by birth, succeeded pope Pius, according to Eusebius, in the year 157; but, according to other writers, at a somewhat earlier period. In his time, the Gnostic doctrines of Valentine and Marcion prevailed at Rome; but many of the persons who adopted them were reclaimed by Polycarp, who came from Smyrna to Rome, in order to settle the controversy about the celebration of Easter. Anicetus differed with him on the point; and, after a conference, each retained his own opinion, whilst both of them manifested mutual forbearance and charity. In token of their amity they communicated together at the Eucharist; and Anicetus testified his respect for Polycarp, by yielding to him the honour of performing the service on the occasion. Happy would it have been for the Christian church, if the successors of Anicetus had manifested a similar disposition. Several ordinances and decrees are ascribed to this pope by modern writers, but their authority is doubtful, and therefore they are not worthy of notice. After having governed the church for eleven years, he died, as some have said, a martyr, but of this there is no sufficient evidence. The letters ascribed to him are spurious.

SOTER, pope, a native of Fondi, in the Campagna of Rome, was elected to the Roman see on the decease of Anicetus, in the year 168. During the period that he ruled the church, the heresy of the Montanists made its appearance, and he is said to have composed a book against their doctrines; but as the title is not known, the fact itself is liable to much doubt. Four decretals have been ascribed to him, but they are generally regarded as spurious. He died in 176, and he has been enrolled among the martyrs by modern writers, but no ancient one gives him that title. He is, however, generally

commended for the contributions which he caused to be raised for the relief of the poor brethren in foreign countries, and particularly for those who were condemned to the mines on account of their faith.

ELEUTHERIUS, bishop of Rome, was a native of Nicopolis. He was first a deacon of the church, and about 177, or perhaps sooner, was elected bishop on the death of Soter. Soon after his elevation, letters were addressed to him by the martyrs of Lyons, then shut up in prison, on the subject of the peculiar tenets of Montanus and his followers, the object of which was to recommend healing and temperate measures in the treatment of that sect. During the episcopate of Eleutherius, the church is said to have enjoyed great peace, notwithstanding the parties which rose up, and which zealously contended for the truth of their opinions. Among these were persons headed by Florinus and Blastus, both presbyters, who maintained that God was the author of evil as well as good. They were degraded for this heresy, and cut off from the body of the faithful. Eleutherius died in the year 192, and he is remembered by the additions which he made to the pontifical code, and which reflect credit on his liberality; of these, one enacted that a man should not abstain from any sort of meat that was commonly eaten; and the other, that sentence should not be pronounced against any one accused of crimes, unless he were present to make his defence. According to Bede, it was at this period that an embassy was sent by Lucius, king of Britain, to Rome, to request the pope to send over proper persons to explain to him the nature of the Christian faith. Eusebius and other early historians not having noticed this fact, it stands on very doubtful authority.

VICTOR I., pope in 193, suffered martyrdom under Severus,

202.

ZEPHYRINUS, pope, succeeded Victor in the Roman see in the year 202. A persecution at the commencement of his papacy, obliged him to conceal himself, and when he was at liberty to exercise his functions, he was engaged in the suppression of prevalent heresies, which disturbed the latter years of his pontificate. He died in the year 218 or 219.

CALLIXTUS, or CALLISTUS I., pope, succeeded Zephyrinus in 219. Of his life and death very little is known with certainty; the supposed acts of his martyrdom being evidently spurious. He is asserted to have built a church to the honour of the Virgin Mary, now known by the name of Santa Maria in Transtevere. There is little authority for his having enclosed a large piece of ground on the Appian-way for a Christian cemetery. The recorded lenity of the emperor Alexander Severus towards the Christians renders very improbable the story that Callistus was imprisoned, cruelly beaten,

and at length thrown into a well; though the Roman church has thought fit to enrol him among the martyrs. He governed the church five years, and died in 223.

URBAN I., pope, succeeded Callixtus I. A. D. 223. He was beheaded during the persecution under Severus, in 230. PONTIANUS, pope, a native of Rome, was elected to that see on the death of Urban, in the year 230. It was during his pontificate, that sentence of deposition and excommunication was passed upon the celebrated Origen, by Demetrius, bishop of Alexandria, which sentence was approved by Pontianus, who is supposed to have summoned the Roman clergy for the purpose of having their sanction to that proceeding. Pontianus, in his turn, became the victim of persecution; for in the year 235, after the assassination of the emperor Alexander, by whom the Christians had been favoured, his successor, at the instigation of the pagan priests, exercised great oppression and cruelty against the bishops. Among others, Pontianus was persecuted by him, being banished from Rome to Sardinia, where he died, owing to the severe and cruel usage which he experienced, having filled the pontifical throne five years and a few months. He caused the acts of the martyrs to be registered, and forbad the translation of bishops for their private benefit.

ST. POLYCARP, one of the most ancient fathers of the Christian church, was born towards the end of the reign of Nero, probably at Smyrna, where he was educated at the expense of Calista, a noble matron, distinguished by her piety and charity. He was a disciple of St. John the Evangelist, and conversed with some of the other apostles. Bucolas ordained him a deacon catechist of his church; and upon his death he succeeded him in the bishopric, to which he is said to have been consecrated by St. John. The controversy about the observation of Easter arising, Polycarp had a conversation with Anicetus bishop of Rome on the subject, which they carried on with great calmness, though they differed in opinion. But he showed great zeal against the heresies of Marcion, Valentinus, and Cerinthus. Some think that St. John dedicated his Apocalpyse to him, under the title of "the Angel, or Messenger, of the church of Smyrna." Polycarp governed the church of Smyrna with apostolic purity, till he suffered martyrdom in the seventh year of Marcus Aurelius. He was burnt at a stake on the 23d April, A. D. 167, and many miraculous circumstances are said to have happened at his martyrdom, which some modern divines, particularly Dr. Jortin, give full credit to, while Dr. Middleton and others ridicule them; such as, that the flames divided, and formed an arch over his head, without hurting him; that upon this, the persecutors run him through with a sword'; that his body sent forth a fragrant smell, and that a dove was seen to fly away from the wound, which some took to be his