State Rights was her salvation, and the designation, but it was merely as a matter fiercer the storm raged against her-the of personal convenience. It will be difficult more stoutly demagogy, immigrant prepon- for Europeans to understand this doctrine, derance, and the blasts of universal suffrage as nothing like it has been heard before, and bore down on her, threatening to sweep no such confederation of sovereign states away the vested interests of the South in has ever existed in any country in the world. her right to govern the States-the greater The Northern men deny that it existed here, was her confidence and the more resolutely and claim for the Federal Government powshe held on her cable. The North attracted ers not compatible with such assumptions. "hordes of ignorant Germans and Irish," They have lived for the Union, they served and the scum of Europe, while the South it, they labored for, and made money by it. repelled them. The industry, the capital A man as a New York man was nothing— of the North increased with enormous ra- as an American citizen he was a great deal. pidity, under the influence of cheap labor A South Carolinian objected to lose his and manufacturing ingenuity and enterprise, identity in any description which included in the villages which swelled into towns, him and a "Yankee clockmaker" in the and the towns which became cities, under same category. The Union was against the unenvious eye of the South. She, on him; he remembered that he came from a the contrary, toiled on slowly, clearing for- race of English gentlemen who had been ests and draining swamps to find new cotton-grounds and rice-fields, for the employment of her only industry and for the development of her only capital-"involuntary labor." The tide of immigration waxed stronger, and by degrees she saw the districts into which she claimed the right to introduce that capital closed against her, and occupied by free labor. The doctrine of squatter "sovereignty," and the force of hostile tariffs, which placed a heavy duty on the very articles which the South most required, completed the measure of injuries to which she was subjected, and the spirit of discontent found vent in fiery debate, in personal insults, and in acrimonious speaking and writing, which increased in intensity in proportion as the abolition movement, and the contest between the Federal principle and State rights, became more vehement. South Carolina contains 34,000 square I am desirous of showing in a few words, miles and a population of 720,000 inhabifor the information of English readers, how tants, of whom 385,000 are black slaves. In it is that the Confederacy which Europe the old rebellion it was distracted between knew simply as a political entity has suc- revolutionary principles and the Loyalist preceeded in dividing itself. The Slave States dilections, and at least one-half of the plantheld the doctrine, or say they did, that each ers were faithful to George III., nor did they state was independent as France or as Eng-yield till Washington sent an army to supland, but that for certain purposes they port their antagonists and drove them from choose a common agent to deal with foreign the colony. nations, and to impose taxes for the purpose of paying the expenses of the agency. We, it appears, talked of American citizens when there were no such beings at all. There were, indeed, citizens of the sovereign State of South Carolina, or of Georgia, or Florida, who permitted themselves to pass under that persecuted by the representatives-for he will not call them the ancestors-of the Puritans of New England, and he thought that they were animated by the same hostility to himself. He was proud of old names, and he felt pleasure in tracing his connection with old families in the old country. His plantations were held by old charters, or had been in the hands of his fathers for several generations; and he delighted to remember that, when the Stuarts were banished from their throne and their country, the burgesses of South Carolina had solemnly elected the wandering Charles king of their state, and had offered him an asylum and a kingdom. The philosophical historian may exercise his ingenuity in conjecturing what would have been the result if the fugitive had carried his fortunes to Charleston. In my next letter I shall give a brief account of a visit to some of the planters, as far as it can be made consistent with the obligations which the rites and rights of hospitality impose on the guest as well as upon the host. These gentlemen are well. bred, courteous, and hospitable. A genuine nection with the attack on the Peiho Forts, where the gallant American showed the world that "blood was thicker than water; Brigadier-General Lawton, in command of the forces of Georgia, and a number of naval and military officers, of whom many had belonged to the United States regular service. It was strange to look at such a man as the aristocracy, they have time to cultivate their | our party were Commodore Tatnall, whose minds, to apply themselves to politics and name will be familiar to English ears in conthe guidance of public affairs. They travel and read, love field sports, racing, shooting, hunting, and fishing, are bold horsemen and good shots. But, after all, their state is a modern Sparta-an aristocracy resting on a helotry, and with nothing else to rest upon. Although they profess (and I believe, indeed, sincerely) to hold opinions in opposition to the opening of the slave trade, it is nev- commodore, who for forty-nine long years had ertheless true that the clause in the Constitution of the Confederate States which prohibited the importation of negroes was especially and energetically resisted by them, because, as they say, it seemed to be an admission that slavery was in itself an evil and a wrong. Their whole system rests on slavery, and as such they defend it. They entertain very exaggerated ideas of the military strength of their little community, although one may do full justice to its military spirit. Out of their whole population they cannot reckon more than 60,000 adult men by any arithmetic, and as there are nearly 30,000 plantations which must be, according to law, superintended by white men, a considerable number of these adults cannot be spared from the state for service in the open field. The planters boast that they can raise their crops without any inconvenience by the labor of their negroes, and they seem confident that the negroes will work without superintendence. But the experiment is rather dangerous, and it will only be tried in the last ex-is broad as the Thames at Gravesend, and tremity. HE VISITS FORT PULASKI. served under the stars and stripes, quietly preparing to meet his old comrades and friends, if needs be, in the battle-field-his allegiance to the country and to the flag renounced, his long service flung away, his old ties and connections severed—and all this in defence of the sacred right of rebellion on the part of "his state." He is not now, nor has he been for years, a slaveowner; all his family and familiar associations connect him with the North. There are no naval stations on the Southern coasts except one at Pensacola, and he knows almost no one in the South. He has no fortune whatever, his fleet consists of two small river or coasting steamers, without guns, and as he said, in talking over the resources of the South, "My bones will be bleached many a long year before the Confederate States can hope to have a navy. "State Rights!" To us the question is simply inexplicable or absurd. And yet thousands of Americans sacrifice all for it. The river at Savannah resembles that stream very much in the color of its waters and the level nature of its shores. Rice-fields bound it on either SAVANNAH, GA., May 1.—It is said that side, as far down as the influence of the "fools build houses for wise men to live fresh water extends, and the eye wanders in." Be that true or not, it is certain that over a flat expanse of mud and water and "Uncle Sam" has built strong places for green osiers and rushes, till its search is arhis enemies to occupy. To-day I visited rested on the horizon by the unfailing line Fort Pulaski, which defends the mouth of of forest. In the fields here and there are the the Savannah River and the approaches to whitewashed square wooden huts in which the city. It was left to take care of itself, the slaves dwell, looking very like the beand the Georgians quietly stepped into it, ginnings of the camp in the Crimea. At and have been busied in completing its de- one point a small fort, covering a creek by fences, so that it is now capable of stopping which gunboats could get up behind Saa fleet very effectually. Pulaski was a Pole vannah, displayed its " garrison on the who fell in the defence of Savannah against walls, and lowered its flag to salute the the British, and whose memory is perpetu- small blue ensign at the fore which proated in the name of the fort, which is now claimed the presence of the Commodore of under the Confederate flag, and garrisoned the Naval Forces of Georgia on board our by bitter foes of the United States. Among steamer. The guns on the parapet were mostly field-pieces, mounted on frameworks side of the curtain which contained their of wood instead of regular carriages. There quarters in the lofty bombproof casements. is no mistake about the spirit of these peo- Some of them had seen service in Mexican ple. They seize upon every spot of van- or border warfare; some had travelled over tage ground and prepare it for defence. Italian and Crimean battle-fields; others There were very few ships in the river; the were West-Point graduates of the regular yacht Camilla, better known as the America, army; others young planters, clerks, or cithe property of Captain Deasy, and several vilians who had rushed with ardor into the others of those few sailing under British First Georgian Regiment. The garrison of colors, for most of the cotton ships are the fort is six hundred and fifty men, and fully gone. After steaming down the river about that number were in and about the work, their twelve miles the sea opened out to the sight, tents being pitched inside the Redan or on and on a long, marshy, narrow island near the terreploin of the parapets. The walls are the bar, which was marked by the yellowish exceedingly solid and well built of hard gray surf, Fort Pulaski threw out the Confederate brick, strong as iron, upwards of six feet in flag to the air of the Georgian 1st of May. thickness, the casemates and bombproofs The water was too shallow to permit the being lofty, airy, and capacious as any I steamer to go up to the jetty, and the party have ever seen, though there is not quite landed at the wharf in boats. A guard was depth enough between the walls at the saliant on duty at the landing-tall, stout young and the gun-carriages. The work is infellows, in various uniforms, or in rude tended for one hundred and twenty-eight mufti, in which the Garibaldian red shirt guns, of which about one-fourth are mounted and felt slouched hat predominated. They on the casemates. They are long 32's, were armed with smooth bore muskets (date with a few 42's and columbiads. The 1851), quite new, and their bayonets, bar- armaments will be exceedingly heavy when rels and locks were bright and clean. The officer on duty was dressed in the blue frockcoat dear to the British linesman in days gone by, with brass buttons, emblazoned with the arms of the state, a red silk sash, and glazed kepi, and straw-colored gauntlets. Several wooden huts with flower gardens in front, were occupied by the officers of the garrison; others were used as hospitals, and were full of men suffering from measles of a mild type. A few minutes' walk led us to the fort, which is an irregular pentagon, with the base line or curtain face inlands, and the other faces casemated and bearing on the approaches. As the commodore entered the Redan the guns of the fort broke out into a long salute, and the band at the gate struck up almost as noisy a welcome. Inside, the parade presented a scene of life and animation very unlike the silence of the city we had left. Men were busy clearing out the casemates, rolling away stores and casks of ammunition and provisions, others were at work at the gin and shears, others building sandbag traveses to guard the mag-yard, where between seven and eight hundred azine doors, as though expecting an immediate attack. Many officers were strolling under the shade of the open gallery at the all the guns are mounted, and they are fast getting the 10-inch columbiads into position en barbette. Every thing which could be required, except mortars, was in abundance-the platforms and gun-carriages are solid and well made, the embrasures of the casemates are admirably constructed, and the ventilation of the bombproof carefully provided for. There are three furnaces for heating red-hot shot. Nor is discipline neglected, and the officers with whom I went round the works were as sharp in tone and manner to their men as volunteers well could be, though the latter often are enlisted for only three years by the State of Georgia. An excellent lunch was spread in the casemated bombproof which served as the colonel's quarter, and before sunset the party were steaming towards Savannah. It will take some very hard blows before Georgia is driven to let go her grip of Fort Pulaski. The channel is very narrow and passes close to the guns of the fort. The means of completing the armament have been furnished by the stores of Norfolk navy guns have fallen into the hands of the confederates; and if there are no columbiads among them, the Merrimac and other ships which have been raised, as we hear, with no more threats to seize on Faneuil Hall! guns uninjured, will yield up their Dahl- The Georgians are by no means so keen as grens to turn their muzzles against their the Carolinians on their border-nay, they old masters. are not so belligerent to-day as they were a week ago. Mr. Jefferson Davis' Message is praised for its "moderation," and for other qualities which were by no means in such favor while the Sumter fever was at its height. Men look grave and talk about the interference of England and France, which "cannot allow this thing to go on.' But the change which has come over them to look grave. As for me, I must prepare is unmistakable, and the best men begin to open my lines of retreat-my communications are in danger. May 2.-May-day was so well kept yesterday that the exhausted editors cannot "bring-out" their papers, and consequently there is no news; but there is, nevertheless, much to be said concerning "Our President's " Message, and there is a suddenness of admiration for pacific tendencies which can with difficulty be accounted for, unless the news from the North these last few days has something to do with it. Not a word now about an instant march on Washington! From Death to Life. Bible Records of Remarkable | women, probably cooks and shopkeepers for the THIS is a thoughtful religious book, pleasantly blending the two characters of story and sermon in a series of meditations on the narratives of the chief persons mentioned in Scripture as having passed by conversion out of darkness into light, from death to life. Naaman the Syrian, Saul, Nicodemus, the Thief on the Cross, are among the texts, and even parables are not excluded from the plan, the story of the Rich Young Man and the Prodigal Son closing the volume, of which the literary character is not high, but the design is excellent, and the, worth will be felt in many households.-Examiner. THE LOTTERY IN MUNICH.-I alluded, in a former letter, to the lottery, which was to have been abolished this year, but, in spite of the efforts of the Liberal party, it seems likely to be continued. These statistics of the revenue derived from it account for the wish of the ministry to delay surrendering so profitable a contributory. In the last four years, more than thirty-six million florins have been staked in the lottery, and about twenty-three million won by the players; so that the state, after deducting two million of florins for the expenses of the lottery, had a clear gain of eleven million. In one year, the last year of the finance period, the state pocketed more than three million of florins, that is, in English money, about £282,443. There are three hundred and eighty-nine offices for collecting the money, and the drawing takes place three times a month. I was once present at the drawing of this lottery, which is a subject of great interest to the lower classes. Crowds of THIRD SERIES. LIVING AGE. 715 most part, gathered upon the stairs, in the doorway and throughout the room, in breathless attention, and frequently whispering. The numbers are drawn by a charity-boy, and proclaimed by a Suisse: after each proclamation a sound of trumpets and a murmur of disappointment. There is no doubt that this lottery has the worst possible effect on the frugality and industry of the lower classes, and the Liberal politicians of Bavaria have a clear case in calling for its abolition. But the ministers, who want to increase the army, and require an enormous sum for the purpose, the idle poor, who prefer the excitement of the lottery, the chance of getting rich without labor, to the sober life for which they were made, the bigoted conservatives, who think every innovation must be a harm to the state, all these vote for the continuance, and hope to carry their cause by appealing to a surplus. As far as I can learn, nothing has yet been done towards reforming the police.-Athencum. - MISS RICHARDSON CUNER, a liberal and discriminating patroness of literature, has just died. For more than fifty years she was engaged in the formation of a library at Eshton, which at her death numbered some 27,000 volumes, among them many rare editions of the Holy Scriptures, Magna Charta, the Hopkinson MS., etc., and said to be by far the best private collection in the kingdom. The catalogue, of which a few copies were printed for private circulation, is a work of intrinsic value. After a long life of charity and extended benevolence, she is succeeded in this valuable possession and her large landed estates by her brother, Mr. Matthew Wilson, of Eshton, formerly M.P. for Clitheroe. From Fraser's Magazine. QUEEN ELIZABETH, LORD ROBERT DUDLEY, AND AMY ROBSART. A STORY FROM THE ARCHIVES OF SIMANCAS. LET the reader imagine a collection of many thousand dispatches, each equal in average length to the letters of a Times correspondent, equal in style and manner to the best of such letters, and written by men who had means of knowing the inmost secrets of courts and cabinets, and he will be able to conceive the materials for English history which lie for the present unexamined in the Archives of Simancas. When newspapers had no existence, when the mails were the bags of government couriers, and private communications were rare and scanty, the sovereigns of Europe were exclusively dependent on their own representatives for the information on which they had to act; and in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the business of diplomacy was conducted by the shrewdest and keenest men whose services could be secured. acted, for good or evil, except with his feet firmly standing on the hard, solid ground of reality, and he treated his master with necessary sincerity. From the correspondence of this person with Philip II., the Count de Feria, and Cardinal Granville, I have gathered the story which I am about to tell. It is not a common tale of scandal, gathered from the streets, or from the back rooms in palaces. It is found gradually growing through a long series of letters, and the circumstances of it were intertwined with the gravest political events of the time. For the two first years of her reign, Elizabeth sat poised upon a shaking throne, in an equilibrium created only by two opposite interests. Her legitimacy was questioned on all sides, and scarcely insisted on by herself. Anne Boleyn had been the wife of Lord Percy, not betrothed to him, but secretly "wedded, bedded, and all,” before she had attracted the first notice of Henry VIII. (the mystery of Anne Boleyn's divorce is explained beyond the reach of further question by the Simancas correspondence), and the prior claims, on all natural grounds, of Mary Queen of Scots, were allowed both by the courts of Spain and France, and by the whole of the Catholic party in England. But the Queen of Scots was at that time the wife of the dauphin; and the Spanish court could not look without dismay on the union of England, Scotland, and France under a single crown. It would be nothing less (as Philip said himself) than inevitable ruin ; and the English Catholics (then two-thirds of the population), submitted to be guided by Philip's counsel, and refused to listen to In a department which was universally excellent, the ministers of the court of Spain were signally distinguished; and among the many remarkable persons who, during those centuries, were sent by the Spanish monarchs into England, none perhaps deserved better of their own country and worse of ours, than Alvarez de Quadra, Bishop of Aquila, ambassador of Philip II. in London during the first five years of the reign of Elizabeth. A bishop, De Quadra was; but not, as he justly boasted, “such a sheep as English bishops were." Devoted to his Church, and ready to serve its interests by all means, fair and foul, he was perfectly well aware of the stuff of which the world the entreaties which were incessantly urged was made, in which that Church was militant. Thoroughly understanding and master of the means by which political success was to be gained in it, he was courageous and plain-spoken, when plain speaking would gain his end; and he handled falsehood like a master when intrigue was a safer road to it. He was as free from "devout imaginations" as Talleyrand; and, above all things, in his secret communications with his own sovereign, he was true. He would lie with any man, when a lie would serve his turn; but he knew as well as his master that to lie with advantage it was necessary to know what was the truth. He never spoke or upon them by the court of Paris. There was a difference of opinion between the king of Spain and his ministers. The Count de Feria, who on the death of our English Mary was sent over to sound the feelings of the Catholic nobility, reported that Elizabeth was untrustworthy and heretical, that some other person could be found who would unite the Catholic suffrages, and that it would be better to settle the question at once by the sword. But such a step would have occasioned a fresh outbreak between France and Spain. Philip, who trusted more to time and diplomacy than to force, imagined that he could control Elizabeth through the weak |