the pylorus were perforated with holes; a blunt instrument passed but did not act in accordance with his kingly assumption. His through these came in contact with the transverse colon. The disposition was suspicious, temper stubborn, complexion sallow, remainder of the stomach was so soft that it broke down under pulse seventy-six, tongue clean, skin cool, bowels constipated. the slightest pressure, yet still remained adherent to the spleen It was stated that he had lived exclusively on bread and cheese; and the diaphragm. The structure of the duodenum and of the he obstinately refused any other food after admission here, rest of the intestines offered nothing peculiar; yet the whole of and it was supplied to him for breakfast, dinner, and supper, the intestines, especially the transverse colon, contained a large with nearly a pint of cider at each meal. In six weeks he comquantity of bloody matter. The mucous membrane of the œso-plained of pains, which were worst at night, with swelling of the phagus was found removed in its whole length, leaving bare the right knee and leg, for which he was sent to the Infirmary. muscular fibres, some of which were red, others black; no After a few days, the swelling somewhat subsided, but the pains structure or perforation was found. The papillæ at the apex of continued. He could not be induced to take medicine or to alter the tongue were prominent, and covered with exudation. The his diet. His appetite gradually became bad; he passed sleepkidneys and urinary bladder were healthy; each was surrounded less nights, and always felt chilly. In three weeks after he was by a quantity of fat. sent to the Infirmary, he was so weak as to be unable to leave his bed. There was extensive ecchymosis of the right leg. which was painful, and the swelling had increased; the gums were swollen, livid, and bleeding. He was now induced to take draughts containing citric acid; quinine was also given, eggs, and other nourishment in a fluid state; and in a week afterwards, symptoms of amendment appeared. The swelling dimi nished, the mouth was still sore. As soon as he was able to chew, fresh meat and cabbage were given to him; he seemed to be aware of his dangerous state, and became tractable. The improvement continued, and in nine weeks after the appearance of the disease, he was able to walk about. His mind also improved. He was soon afterwards discharged, and has since been living at home.

This case is chiefly remarkable in showing the extraordinary manner in which the vital powers endeavour to repair the loss of a large portion of a most important organ. It is extraordinary that, under such an extensive destruction of the stomach, the individual should have survived for so long a period as twentythree days.-Medical Gazette.

SCURVY.

BY R. BOYD, M.D.,

SOMERSET COUNTY PAUPER LUNATIC ASYLUM.

Scurvy is now seldom seen in ordinary hospital practice in this country, except in the hospital ship Dreadnought, where CASE 2.-A. L—, aged thirty-eight; reported as having sailors from foreign vessels are received. It has occurred in been insane three years; had been six months in a private some instances in our prisons, and in lunatic asylums in India. asylum about two years before admission here. Her conduct The late Dr. Prichard, in his Treatise on Insanity, p. 149, was obstinate, and occasionally violent; spare habit; sallow mentions it as occurring in the advanced stage of lunacy. We read of it in former times, as so destructive to navies and armies, skin hot; appetite good; bowels constipated; averse to take complexion; in indifferent health; pulse 78; tongue clean; that frequently half the men fell victims to it; and even a cen- exercise; generally occupied at needlework. After some months' tury ago, Anson was obliged to remain four months at the residence, she refused to eat the meat and vegetables provided Island of Juan Fernandez, to recruit his crew, having only six for dinner, and expressed a wish for bread and cheese, which foremast men of a crew of 470 able to do duty; one of his ships was given her daily, at the same time continuing the usual had lost eighty men in a month from this direful disease. breakfast and supper of tea and bread-and-butter. In about three months' time, the left leg and thigh became black and swollen from ecchymosis, presenting the appearance of a bruise at first sight, but which was very soon recognized as scurvy, from its striking resemblance to the former case, as well as by the livid and swollen state of the gums. There was a white margin round the teeth; the inner part of the lips was pale; the surface of the body cold; pulse 84, feeble; eyes sunken, with an anxious expression. An acid mixture, with bark, was administered, and fresh meat, with cabbage or turnip-tops, daily. In ten days afterwards a marked improvement had taken place, ecchymosis disappearing, and the gums improving, and in a month she was convalescent.-The Lancet.

Our great circumnavigator, Cook, proved that by strict attention to the diet of his men, and the state of his ship, he could keep his crew in the highest state of health, in all climates; still, so slow were the naval authorities to adopt his principles or to make any change, that scurvy continued to be the scourge of the navy for fifty years longer, and sailors by hundreds and thousands continued to be its victims. So late as the year 1790, we read of 2400 sailors of the Channel fleet being laid up with scurvy.

This disease is attributable to errors in diet, where vegetables, particularly of the class Cruciferæ, such as cabbage, turnips, cress, have been entirely excluded. The two following cases occurred in persons of feeble constitution; they are examples of scurvy resulting from a continued diet of bread and cheese, and are worthy of attention, as this is a principal food of the labouring classes of this country. The first is remarkable as having The first is remarkable as having happened when a plentiful allowance of cider was taken, which is supposed to be antiscorbutic; the second is to be noted as showing that in three months a person may become affected with scurvy by abstaining from vegetables, and taking one meal of bread and cheese daily. And they may both warn us how necessary it is that we should use caution in yielding to the whims of the insane, particularly in those who are prone to persist in the use of an improper diet.

Case 1.-J. A-, aged fifty-nine. Had been nine months in another asylum, whence he was transferred to this in March, 1848. He had been a farmer. The cause assigned for his derangement was loss of property. He fancied himself a king,

USEFUL REMARKS.

After all, the great error in human judgment is not so much wilful possession, as that we judge according to situation, and always make that situation our own: while the chances are that we really have not one thought, feeling, or habit, in common with those on whom we think ourselves qualified to decide.Francesca Carrara.

If by gaining [wealth or] knowledge, we destroy health, we labour for what will be useless in our hands. . . He that sinks his vessel by overloading it, though with gold, loses both ship and cargo.

It is evident that nature has made man susceptible of experience, and consequently more and more perfectible; it is absurd, then, to wish to arrest him in his course, in spite of the eternal law which impels him forward.-Du Marsais.

TEETH A GUINEA A-PIECE.

person

"It was

COLD BATHING.

By this heading the Western Times latcly described an Cold bathing has of late years assumed a more important extraordinary scene in the Exeter County Court. A attitude, and under the name of the cold water cure, or hydrocalling himself Cartwright summoned a servant girl for £4 4s.pathy, it has been pronounced a sovereign remedy for all diseases. for artificial teeth. After a little preliminary cross-examination, In this opinion no reflecting person can concur. Undoubtedly it to elicit whether the plaintiff was or was not a Jew, he was has often been productive of benefit by the stimulus it imparts to sworn. He stated that the defendant came to him in Novem- the nervous system, and the habits of personal purity it engenders. ber last, and said she wanted four artificial teeth; he examined The wholesome exercise, pure air, abstinence from alcoholic fluids, ther mouth, ascertained its condition, and then, at her request, care, anxiety, and other exciting as well as depressing agents; stated his terms "one guinea per tooth," to which, he said, she moderate and regulated diet, and the unadulterated nutritious, agreed. A model of her mouth was then taken, and the teeth simple food, which are usually to be found, or are prescribed in were to be ready on a certain day. He then obtained her signa- or around the rural establishments in which hydropathy is practure to his order-book, and 10s. deposit. On cross-examination tised, are also material if not main elements in the cure, and by Mr. Moore, the plaintiff, after having repeatedly declared that have frequently been highly advantageous in cases where the his name was Edward Crawcour Cartwright, acknowledged that health has been injured by the luxurious, noxious habits, corhe had assumed the name of Cartwright (that of the celebrated roding thoughts, and unwholesome atmosphere of crowded cities; London dentist) on taking up his residence in Exeter. but in other instances the indiscriminate application of the system merely as a professional sort of name," he said. He added, the in the various forms of sitz-bath, douche bath wet sheets, “packdefendant did not appear surprised at being asked for a deposit. ing cases" (or damp blankets, &c.), and the innumerable other He was not a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, but had forms in which it is prescribed, have as often been productive of served his apprenticeship as a dentist to his father, John injurious if not fatal results. Many a consumptive patient or Crawcour. The plate for the teeth was made of palladium, worth person of weak constitution has thus been hurried to the tomb; about 21s. or 25s. per ounce; gold, which is generally used for and without any sweeping denunciation of the practice; but, that purpose, is worth from 75s. to 80s. per ounce. He gave on the contrary, admitting that in many cases it may prove advice to the poor gratis. George Wardlow, plaintiff's assistant beneficial-as one baronet (Sir Francis Burdett), who during his and step-son, confirmed his statement. His real name was lifetime was the patron of a thousand quackerics, fell a victim to Ward, but on coming to Exeter he had changed it to Wardlow. to it-we are not disposed to concur in the emphatic declaration His brother William, who had also undergone the same nominal of another (Sir Lytton Bulwer), that "The wet sheet is the true metamorphosis, proved taking the teeth to the defendant, who life-preserver." Fancies vanish, novelties decay; some new refused to have them, nor would she let him try if they fitted. species of excitement or charlatanism is always found to amuse The defendant, on being called on for the reply, stated that she the public or dupe the credulous; but reason and nature remain went with her sister, in November last, to the plaintiff's surgery, always the same, and, while they endure, cold water will never to know the expense of having some artificial teeth. He told her be considered a cure for all the afflictions which humanity 21s. per tooth, and asked to look at her mouth, but she refused, inherits. as she only wished then to know the expense; plaintiff assuring COMPARATIVE DISEASES OF THE TAILORS, CARPENTERS, AND her his only object in taking the model was, that if she had the BAKERS IN HAMBURGH.* teeth a year or two hence, they would be ready for her, and that no expense would be incurred by taking the model, she consented. The model having been taken, plaintiff wished her to have the teeth the next week, but she said she could not, and would write when she wished for them. That there was no occasion for, he said, and asked her to put her name in a book, not saying what it was, he covering the printed words until after she had written her name. She did not write " £4 4s.". His demand for a deposit surprised her, but under the excitement of the moment, she gave him 10s. His advertisement stated that he gave advice to the poor gratis, and that caused her to consult him. Her sister having confirmed her statement, the Judge .summed up, and the jury very properly gave a verdict for the defendant, to whom also costs were allowed.

MATHEMATICS NOT APPLICABLE TO MEDICINE.

More minute and rigorous observation has proved that vital phenomena, whether physiological, pathological, or curative, cannot be "read off" like the indications of a mathematical instrument, and that in truth they are a compound of chemical and mechanical actions, and likewise of another power or force, which is not to be estimated by mathematics, and which is peculiarly a vital process; and we ought by this time to have ceased to expect to find a simple theory by which to explain such complex processes, were it not the tendency of the human mind to seek for certainty in theories, however shallow, rather than nest in the results of experience.

In this free city are two small hospitals supported by the Freemasons. That appropriated to the male sex was intended for labourers; but in 1805, began to be resorted to by the tailors, and, in 1811, by cabinet-makers; but the latter did not use it after September, 1824. The total number of tailors treated was 785; of cabinet-makers, 511; and of bakers, only 71; and the deaths were, 84 tailors, or 1 in 9; and 21 cabinet-makers, or l'in 24; bakers 4, or 1 in 18. Diseases which are apt to prove fatal to weak persons, were much more fatal to tailors than cabinetmakers; and of those affected with nervous fever, one-third of the tailors, and one-seventh of the cabinet-makers, died. Of twelve cases of abdominal inflammation, seven tailors died, while five cabinet-makers recovered. One half of the deaths among the cabinet-makers was from consumption; one-third of the tailors. The following table exhibits the proportions affected with the principal diseases, compared with the total number of patients exercising each trade:

Diseases.

Catarrhal fever,
Rheumatic fever.

Tailors. 1 in 6.

Cabinet-makers.

Bakers.

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UNPAID LETTERS.-We have lately had several unpaid letters. One curious correspondent at Goole, favoured us with a bottle of a quack nostrum for the cure of rheumatism to analyse, on which we had fourpence "more to pay."-Another at Colne sent us a quack's publication for perusal, for which he had not paid any postage. In future all unpaid letters will A TAILOR (Philpot Street).-Take more exercise and less gin; you will then

FIGURE XLI.
THE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK.
A. The occipito-frontalis.
B. The levator auris.

c.

[PRICE ONE PENNY.

Wounds or injuries of the scalp which cause blood to be shed under the aponeurosis of this muscle, frequently give rise to severe pain and serious consequences. Sometimes the extravasated blood has caused a suspicion that the skull was fractured, and cases are on record in which patients have been so treated when the injury was confined to the scalp. If matter forms beneath the scalp, it should be immediately discharged with the point of a lancet, otherwise it will spread and burrow to a considerable

extent.

Corrugator Supercilii, or muscle of the eyebrow, arises from the internal angular process of the frontal bone, and is inserted into the middle of the eyebrow, where it is confounded with the occipito-frontalis, and the obicularis palpebrarum. Its action is to draw the eyebrow downwards, and to the root of the nose; and it knits" and contracts the brow into wrinkles.

Orbicularis palpebrarum, or circular muscle of the eyelids (D, fig. xli.), arises from the outer edge of the orbitar process, and is inserted into the nasal process of the upper jaw bone. As, however, this muscle consists principally of circular fibres, its origin and insertion may be The levator labii superioris alæque nasi. considered as united. Its use is to close the

The concha, or cavity of the ear.

The compressor naris.
D. The orbicularis palpebrarum.

The zygomaticus major.

E.

G.

H.

The zygomaticus minor.

The levator anguli oris.

K. The masseter.

The occipito-frontalis (A, fig. xli.) arises from the transverse ridge of the occipital bone, passes over the upper part of the cranium, and is inserted into the eye-brow and the skin around it. In size it is a considerable muscle, and has a tendonous expansion, called an aponeurosis that covers the whole scalp. Its use is to elevate the eyebrows, to raise the scalp, and it wrinkles the forehead. Mr. Abernethy, in describing this muscle to his class, told the following ridiculous anecdote. He said:-It happened, in the early part of my time, to become the fashion to put half a pound of grease, and another half pound of flour, on a man's F. head-what they called hair dressing; it was the fashion, too, to bind this round with a piece I of tape, or ribbon, and make a tail of it, and it was the mode to wear their tails very thick and L. The depressor anguli oris. rather short. Now a gentleman, who possessed o. The depressor labii inferioris. great power in the motion of this occipito-fron- P. The orbicularis oris. T. The sterno-hyoideus. talis, and indeed who had extreme power in that muscle, used to go to the boxes of the theatre when Mrs. Siddons first appeared, and I don't believe there ever will be such an actress again as she was, nor do I believe there ever was her equal before her. However, when people were affected beyond all description, and when they were all drowned in tears at the performance, this chap wagged his tail enormously, and all the people burst out in a roar of laughter. In vain did they cry" turn him out, turn him out!" in vain did they cry "throw him over." When he had produced this effect on the audience, then he kept his tail quiet; but again, no sooner was their attention engaged, than wag went his tail, and re-echoed again were the bursts of laughter.

k.

The buccinator.

M. The sterno-cleido mastoideus.

eye by bringing the eyelids together; to press the ball of the eye inwards, and to act upon the lacrymal organs, so as to assist them in the production and direction of the tears.

Levator palpebra superioris, or muscle of the upper eyelid, arises from the roof of the orbit, and is inserted into the cartilaginous margin of the upper eyelid. Its use is to raise the upper eyelid.

Levator auris, or atollens aurem, or the ear lifter (B, fig. xli.), is of a triangular figure, situated on the temple above the ear. It arises by a broad tendonous expansion, from the tendon of the occipito frontalis, covers the temporal muscle, and in its passage downwards forms a small fleshy slip, which becomes gradually narrower, and is inserted into the upper part of the root of the cartilage of the ear. Its use is to give tension to the part into which it is inserted, and to raise the ear. In some persons this muscle has great power, and others are without the ability to

move the ear.