Bulgaria, by the Ottomans: the Slavs succeeded in giving the language, perhaps more owing to the prestige of religion therewith connected, than to their actual superiority in number; but the 'dour,' sturdy national character is rather Finn than Slav. As to the skull-form, Kopernitsky says it is neither one nor other; but he had probably in his mind the Finns of Tavastian Finnland. The form is long, rather narrow, cylindrical, with very regular curves and absence of frontal or parietal bosses. The forehead is remarkably recedent, and the face prognathous, the cheekbones not particularly wide. This must surely be the true Bulgar type, for it is neither Slavish nor Turkish, nor have we any reason to think it old Thracian. To my eye it resembles that of the Cheremisses. Both Slavish and Turkish types do, however, occur, mixed with the one described; in what proportions we do not yet know.

The Thracians, once thought most populous of nations, cannot of course be extinct. Their debris are to be found among the Roumans or Vlachs. Whether the Transdanubian Roumans, who appear to be on the way to become a considerable nation, have a Thracian nucleus or substratum, or a Dacian one; whether, that is, they are descendants of Trajan's colonists and Romanized Dacians, who remained in the Transsylvanian mountains when Aurelian recalled their fellows across the Danube, or whether, as Fligier and others think, they were Romanized Thracians, who in some time of disturbance, long after Aurelian's day, migrated northwards across the Danube into some vacant tract in Transsylvania, or perhaps were transported thither by the Avars,-matters little ethnologically; the Dacians and the Thracians were near kindred. They are probably a good deal mixed in blood, especially with their Slavonic neighbours; their complexion is usually dark, though there are a good many blond Roumans in the Bukowina; their heads are broad (82-8, Weisbach) and of good height, and rounded; their faces broad, but well featured, with nothing of the prognathism of the Bulgarians.

But there are other Roumans in the far south, perhaps of greater interest, though comparatively few in number. They are called Roumans, Vlachs, Zinzars; they are mostly shep

herds and herdsmen, who wander along and across the ridges and elevated mountain valleys of Pindus, and towards Parnassus and Eta. Remote and secluded, they have been little studied; but they must be the descendants of the old Roman provincials, perhaps of Macedonian or Thracian blood. They are described as having sharply drawn features and long shaggy fair hair.

And in the recesses of Mount Rhodope, between the Hebrus, the Strymon and the sea, among the Pomaks or nominally Moslem Bulgarians, has been preserved an oral literature of great interest, in the ballad form, and containing sundry words which appear to be Aryan but not Slavonic, and may very well be Thracian. These ballads have for subjects, Alexander the Great, and Philip, and contain allusions to Orpheus, and to other personages who may be referred to Greek mythology. A controversy like that about Ossian arose about these poems; but I believe their genuineness is now allowed. We must suppose therefore that we have in the Rhodope the remains of Thracians who were still un-Romanized in speech when the Slavs and Bulgarians overran the land. It may be noted that the heroes in these poems are always described as fair-haired, but Fligier says this epithet could not be applied to the present generation in Rhodope.

Here are fine opportunities for any enterprizing Englishman with money and a taste for travel and adventure, and with sufficient brains to be able to pick up a language. But alas! such men usually seem to care for nothing but killing something.' Men of the type of Campbell of Islay are wanted; but alas! men so gifted and so disposed are few.

6

The Albanians, the modern representatives of the Illyrians, are men of good stature, with long faces and prominent, often pointed noses; their heads are remarkably short and broad, with the greatest breadth placed far back. The first skull ever obtained for measurement yielded to Virchow an index of 91.5, and a small series of 3 from Scutari gave to Zampa one of 89.5-extraordinary figures. Their colour varies in tribes and in individuals, but I think the most characteristic specimens have mostly lank black hair, lighter colours being due to

Slavic or Greek admixture. The people to the north of them, the Morlachs, or Black Wallachs, in Dalmatia and Montenegro, and the Herzegovina, are of an Illyro-Slavic cross; they are a tall dark race. 'The wife of Hasan Aga,' must have been a brunette, when

'Wide through Bosnia and the Herzegovina

Spread the tidings of her matchless beauty.'

These people have been examined by the indefatigable Weisbach. They have an average stature of about 1690 millimeters, and in a mountainous district 1720, or nearly 5ft. 8in., the highest average ascertained in Southern Europe; and the highest stature is found in the south, i.e., the most Illyrian and least Croat region, and goes with the blackest hair. The index of breadth is 84, which is extremely high. On the whole, Illyria seems to have been a focus for broad heads and dark colours.

Among modern Greeks there are considerable physical differences no doubt. Some portions of their country have been colonised en masse by Slavonians, others, as Attica, by Albanians. Even the so-called national dress of the Greeks is the Albanian kilt or fustanella. Still the old type is far from being extinct, either in Europe or in Asia; the ideal of the sculptors was perhaps always rare, but I have seen it, living and breathing, and kissing my hands, in Asia Minor.

Nicolucci found modern Greek skulls smaller in capacity than the ancient, and decidedly shorter; still, the index was under 80 (79.2), the height was good (75). Weisbach found a breadth-index of 77.4 in Greeks of Constantinople, 78.3 for the Peloponnese, 807 in a large series from Bithynia, and 83·8 in another from Selymbria in Roumelia. The last result is curious; one must remember that Greek means Greek by religion and language, or not always even that. The divisions of peoples in the Levant are very sharply accentuated; intermarriage, for example, between Turk and Greek, or American and Greek, hardly ever occurs, but one must not treat these divisions as necessarily ethnological. These so-called Greeks of Selymbria belong to the Greek community; that is all that

can be positively asserted. As to their race, all that one can be pretty sure of is that there is very little Greek blood in them.

J. BEDDOE.

ART. VIII. KOSSUTH AND KLAPKA.

(With Personal Recollections.)

the stormy year of the Hungarian War of Independence,

In the storm Dong time afterwards, no Magyar patriot en

joyed so great a reputation, next to Kossuth, as the then still very young General Klapka. During the heroic struggles of 1848-49 he had rapidly risen in the army, and been the victor in not a few battles; having to deal, not only with the Imperial Austrian army, but also with dangerous counter insurrections of disaffected races at home. For a short while Minister of War, he concluded his career as the courageous defender of Komorn, the last stronghold of his finally vanquished country's cause; obtaining an honourable capitulation after Görgey's surrender at Vilagos.

It was in the house of our dear friend, the German poet, Freiligrath-himself an exile-that we first made Klapka's acquaintance in London. I have him in my remembrance as a man of middle height and pleasant features, of kindliest, most good-humoured and sympathetic character. German he spoke perfectly, with the accent and the intonation of a Viennese. That was the language in which we exclusively conversed with him. Altogether he gave us the impression of being rather one of our own German countrymen, so thoroughly had he the ways and manners of an Austrian from this side of the river March. His early bringing up, in polyglot Hungary, as well as his later residence, for years, in the Austrian capital, easily accounted for this seeming peculiarity. George Klapka was born at Temesvar amidst a considerable Teutonic population. As a boy, he had spoken German, at first, as his mother-tongue. The only other language he

learnt at that time was Latin. This was, so to say, a national and political necessity in those days; Latin being then still much used in Hungary as an official language, in matters of State administration, as a means of communicating between the many-tongued populations under the Crown of St. Stephen.* Magyar was only learnt by young Klapka a little later, when completing his education in a grammar school at Kecskemet. Transferred to Vienna as a lieutenant of the Hungarian Nobiliary Guard, he evidently became quite imbued there with the German-Austrian manner of speech and tone. Hence it always required an effort on our part to realize the fact of his not being one of our nation. In his whole frame of mind, also, he was of that cheerfulness and joyful disposition which was held to be a characteristic of the light-hearted Viennese-especially of the men of the former generation.

Hungarians and Germans were at that time considered natural allies for the sake of the recovery of freedom. In 1848 their cause had been closely connected. In October of that year, the Germans of Vienna-as Kossuth still acknowledged, later on, in an enthusiastic speech at New York-had nobly risen in support of Hungary. On their part, the Hungarians had sought to repay the debt when the Austrian capital had in the meanwhile been surrounded and beleaguered, by moving an army corps towards the threatened town. Only it was then too late.

*

Of the general feeling existing between Hungarians and

I myself remember having had to converse, at the age of about sixteen, with a Hungarian miner, of Slovak race, in Latin, as he mangled the German tongue in a rather trying manner, when showing us at Karlsruhe, in south-western Germany, some curiosities he had brought there for exhibition. His Ciceronian attempts, it is true, were such that 'the walls became tarnished black from his Latin,' as the phrase then was. Again, later on, during political imprisonment in 1848, when holding converse, from cell to cell, with fellow-sufferers, in the language of the Romans, I was astonished, after our liberation, to hear from the wife of the warder that she had understood many things we had shouted up and down, but that she willingly kept silence. She had been in Hungary as a sutler! Hence she could speak what was usually called 'Hussar Latin.'