of Orkney; also a Genealogical and Historical account of the family of the Sinclairs.

JOHN HOOPER, bishop of Worcester, and a martyr for the Protestant cause, was born in Somersetshire, and educated at Oxford. In 1518, he took the degree of A.B., and afterwards became a Cistercian monk, but disbelieving his fraternity, returned to Oxford, and became tinctured with Lutheranism. In 1539 he was made chaplain and steward to Sir John Arundel, who afterwards suffered with the protector in the reign of Edward VI. But that very Catholic knight, as Wood calls him, discovering him to be a heretic, he was obliged to leave the kingdom. After continuing some time in France, he returned to England and lived with a gentleman called Seintlon; but being discovered, he escaped in the habit of a sailor to Ireland, thence embarked for the continent and fixed his abode in Switzerland. Upon Edward's accession, Mr. Hooper returned once more to his native country. In 1550, by his old patron Sir John Arundel's interest with the earl of Warwick he was consecrated bishop of Gloucester; and in 1552 was nominated to the see of Worcester, which he held in commendam with the former. But Mary had scarcely ascended the throne, before he was imprisoned, tried, and condemned to the flames. On the ninth of February, 1555, he was led to the stake, not being suffered to speak to the weeping crowd, and was there used in a barbarous manner, as the fire was made of green wood; in consequence of which, his lower limbs were slowly consumed, while his vitals were unaffected, and he underwent the most dreadful torments for above three quarters of an hour. He bore them, however, with admirable patience and fortitude, and the last words which he was able to utter, were, "Lord Jesus, receive my spirit." He was an avowed enemy to the church of Rome, and not perfectly reconciled to what he thought remnants of popery in the church of England. In the former reign he had been one of Bonner's accusers. He was a man of good parts and learning. He was the author of numerous controversial Treatises, Sermons, Homilies, Expositions, Lectures, Confessions, Letters, &c.

JULIUS PFLUG, an eminent German catholic divine, was born about the year 1490, but in what place we are not informed. He was descended from a noble and distinguished family, and having been educated for the church, was made canon of Mentz, and provost of Zeits. His merits as well as his birth, made him known at court, where he was taken into the counsels of the emperors Charles V., and Ferdinand I. Having been made bishop of Naumbergin in the Palatinate, his enemies expelled him on the very day of his election, and found means to keep him from the possession of his see for

six years, but at the expiration of that period, the Emperor Charles V. established him in it with much distinction. He was one of the three divines whom that prince employed in drawing up his famous project of the Interim, and he presided as his representative in the diets of the empire at Ratisbon. Ferdinand I. placed so high a confidence in his judgment and capacity, that he was governed by his advice in the most momentous and difficult affairs. He distinguished himself, likewise, by his controversial writings against the Lutherans. After he had retired to his see, he presided over it in peace for about eighteen years, and is commended for the exemplary fidelity and paternal affection with which he governed his flock. He died in 1564, about the age of 74. He was author of numerous works.

MARTIN BUCER, one of the first reformers at Strasburgh, was born in 1491, in Alsace; and took the religious habit of St. Dominic, at seven years of age; but meeting with the writings of Martin Luther, and comparing them with the Scriptures, he began to doubt of several things in the Romish religion. After some conferences with Luther at Heidelburg, in 1521, he adopted most of his sentiments, but, in 1532, he gave the preference to those of Zuinglius. He assisted in many conferences concerning religion; and in 1548, was sent for to Augsburg to sign the agreement between the papists and protestants, called the "Interim." His warm opposition to this project exposed him to many difficulties and hardships; the news of which reaching England, where his fame had already arrived, Cranmer archbishop of Canterbury, gave him an invitation to come over, which he readily accepted. In 1549, a handsome apartment was assigned him in the university of Cambridge, and a salary to teach theology. King Edward VI. had the greatest regard for him. Being told that he was very sensible of the coldness of the climate, and suffered much for want of a German stove, he sent him 100 crowns to purchase one. He died in 1551; and was buried at Cambridge with great funeral pomp. In the reign of Mary, five years after he was buried, his body was dug up and publicly burnt, and his tomb demolished; but it was afterwards rebuilt by order of queen Elizabeth. He composed many works, among which are Commentaries on the Evangelists and Gospels.

BELLAY, a cardinal, was born in 1492; and having made considerable proficiency in literature, was highly esteemed by Francis I. By him he was employed in several embassies, particularly in negociating a reconciliation between Henry VIII. of England and the see of Rome; and he was advanced by him to several considerable preferments. Bellay, in the business of king Henry, visited the pope at Rome, where he con

tinued, and in 1535, he was made cardinal by Paul III. As soon as he received intelligence of the hostile designs of Charles V., he returned to France, and resisted that prince's invasion of Provence, in 1536, as the lieutenant-general of Francis, with as much military vigour as prudence, and he exerted himself in putting the metropolis, and other places in Picardy and Champagne in a formidable state of defence. After the death of Francis I. his credit declined by the intrigues of the cardinal of Lorraine, and retiring to Rome, he resigned his preferments in France, and was made bishop of Ostria. He was so much respected by his brother cardinals, that they had thoughts of raising him to the pontificate, when he died in 1560 at Rome, aged 68 years. Bellay was distinguished as a patron of literature; and by his advice, in concurrence with that of Budæus, Francis I. founded the royal college in 1529. He was an elegant writer, both in Latin and in French. In the Latin language he wrote some harangues, and an apology for Francis I., and in the latter three books of poems, consisting of elegies, odes, and epigrams published by R. Stephens, in 1546.

JOHN AGRICOLA, a Saxon divine, was born at Eisleben, in Germany, April 20, 1492. Mosheim describes him as an eminent doctor of the Lutheran church, though chargeable with vanity, presumption, and artifice. He was minister, and principal of a college in his own country; and attended the elector of Saxony to the diet of Spire, in 1526; and to that of Augsburg, in 1530. Urged by ambition, he quitted his own country in 1536, and went to Wittemberg, where he settled as a professor and minister. Although he wrote against Melancthon, in 1527, he was not much noticed before the year 1538, when he took occasion, from the doctrine of Luther, concerning the ground of man's acceptance and salvation, to declaim against the law; maintaining, that it was neither fit to be proposed to the people as a rule of manners, nor to be used in the church as a means of instruction; and that the gospel alone was to be inculcated and explained, both in the churches and in the schools of learning: and he thus became the founder of the sect of Antinomians. Luther, who had been before his friend, attacked him with great severity; and his accusations were supported by the divines of Wittemberg. At length, by the interposition of the electors of Saxony, and of Brandenburgh, Agricola was induced to publish a recantation of his errors, and to retract the injurious reproaches which he had cast upon Luther. Mosheim says, this recantation does not seem to have been sincere; as he returned to his errors, when his fears were dispelled by the death of Luther, and gained proselytes to his extravagant doctrine. Agricola was employed by Charles V., in 1548, in conjunction with other

persons, and liberally rewarded, in composing the "Interim." It is said, that he wanted to restore the use of holy oil in the case of the sick; and that he attributed a supernatural efficacy to it. Some have said, that he was a papist; and others charge him with being a man of pleasure, and with maintaining all religions to be in themselves really indifferent. When he left Saxony, he was patronized at the court of Brandenburgh, by the elector Joachim II., whose favour he enjoyed till his death, which happened at Berlin, in 1566. His "Explication of German Proverbs," and his "Commentaries upon St Luke," are the principal of his works.

GEORGE JOYE, an English divine, was a native of the county of Bedfordshire, and educated at Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he took his degrees in arts, and obtained a fellowship, which he resigned in 1527, on account of his having become a convert to the doctrines of Luther. He then went into Germany, where he assisted in Tindall's translation of the Bible. He died in 1553. His works are, On the Unity and Schism of the Church. The Subversion of Moses; also Foundation Commentaries.

NICOLAS OLAHUS, born at Hermanstadt, in 1493, of an ancient family. After different offices of trust and credit, he was appointed, by Ferdinand, king of Hungary, to the bishopric of Zagrab. At the same time he was made chancellor of the kingdom of Hungary. The same monarch afterwards made him archbishop of Stregonia, after placing the crown of Hungary on the head of Maximilian. Olahus died at Igrena, in 1568. This prelate was the author of a "Chronicle of his Time," of a "History of Attila," and a "Description of Hungary.

JONAS JUSTUS, a protestant divine, born at N. Hansen, in Thuringia, in 1493. He was one of Luther's most zealous disciples. He contracted a strict friendship with Melancthon; became principal of the college of Wittemberg, and afterwards dean of the university of that city. He wrote in favour of the marriage of priests, and other works; and died in 1555.

JOHN DRACONITES, a learned German protestant divine, was a native of Carlstadt, in Franconia, and born in 1494. He became bishop in Prussia, and died in 1566. He wrote Commentaries on the Prophets and Gospels, and began a Polyglot Bible.

DOMINIC SOTO, a learned Spanish Dominican born at Segovia, in 1494. He distinguished himself as a theologian, and was one of the most active and esteemed members of the council of Trent. He was appointed confessor to Charles V., and died in 1560, aged 66. His works are numerous. VOL. IV.

Hh

His

principal works are-1. On Nature and Grace, 4to. 2. De Justitia et Jure, fol.

DAVID BEATON, archbishop of St. Andrew's, and a cardinal of Rome, was born in 1494. Pope Paul III. raised him to the degree of a cardinal in December, 1538; and being employed by James V. in negociating his marriage with the court of France, he was there consecrated bishop of Mirepoix. Soon after his instalment as archbishop of St. Andrew's, he promoted a furious persecution of the reformers in Scotland; when the king's death put a stop, for a time, to his arbitrary proceedings, he being then excluded from affairs of government, and confined. He raised, however, so strong a party, that, upon the coronation of the young queen Mary, he was admitted to the council, made chancellor, and procured a commission as legate à latere from the court of Rome. He now began to renew his persecution of heretics: and among the rest, of the famous protestant preacher, Mr. George Wishart, whose sufferings at the stake he viewed from his window, with apparent exultation. It is said, that Wishart at his death foretold the murder of Beaton; which indeed, happened shortly after, he being assassinated in his chamber, May 29, 1547. He was a haughty bigoted churchman, and thought severity the proper method of suppressing heresy. The character of cardinal Beaton has been very differently represented by the opposite parties; but seems on the whole sufficiently marked. He had strong talents, especially for business, and was very fit to take the lead in political transactions. But his temper was haughty and violent, and his principles only those of an ambitious and selfish man, resolved by any measures to support the cause which was connected with his own advancement. He appears to have had little learning; and his morals were unbecoming his station.

ISIDORE CLARIO, an Italian bishop, famous for his learning, zeal, and charity. He distinguished himself at the council of Trent, and died at Foligno, in 1555. He published Annotations on the Vulgate, with corrections of the text in numerous places, which work obtained a place in the index Expurgatorius.

ROBERT ALDRICH, a native. of Burnham, in Buckinghamshire, educated at Eton and King's college, Cambridge. He was elected master of Eton and provost, and in 1537, made bishop of Carlisle. He is highly commended by Leland, for his learning and piety. He wrote epigrams, &c. and died in 1555, at Horncastle, in Lincolnshire.

PHILIP MONTANUS, vernacularly MONTAGNE, a learned Flemish divine and professor, was born at Armentiers, about the year 1495. He received his education at Paris,